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Film Reviews

The Underrated 90’s: Until The End of the World (1991)

Solveig Dommartin (Wim Wenders’ Wings of Desire) stars as Claire, in UTEOTW.
Title shot from the original trailer.

Produced and directed by Wim Wenders.

Starring Solveig Dommartin, William Hurt, Sam Neil, Rudiger Volger, Ernie Dingo, Adele Lutz, Chick Ortega, Eddy Mitchell, Allen Garfield, David Byrne, Tom Farrell, Kuniko Miyake, Chishu Ryu, Max Von Sydow, and Jeanne Moreau.

Story by Solveig Dommartin & Wim Wenders.

Screenplay by Peter Carey and Wim Wenders, with an early, uncredited draft by Michael Almereyda.

Cinematography by Robby Müller.

Edited by Peter Przygodda.

Music by Graeme Revell.

Produced by Anatole Bauman and Jonathan Taplin.

An Argos Films production.

A Warner Bros. release.

Restoration and release of the Director’s Cut by The Criterion Collection, Janus Films, and Wim Wenders Stiftung.

UTEOTW was confoundingly Rated-R upon it’s initial release considering there is nothing in the way of gratuitous sex, or violence, excessive profanity, or any of the other fun things that usually earn a picture its R-rating.

Original French theatrical poster.
Title shot.

When it was originally released theatrically in 1991, in its excessively-abbreviated form, cut down to a more theatre-friendly 128 mins from Wenders’ 247-min Director’s Cut (finally made available in North America in recent years by The Criterion Collection), and the (allegedly) 20-hour first assembly, Wenders’ strange, quirky, romantic, sci-fi road movie epic was mostly met with earth shattering silence. It is an exhibiting artist’s worst fear: widespread indifference.

The release of the restored and expanded Director’s Cut has significantly improved UTEOTW’s reputation, and gives cause for a major re-appraisal.

Panicked dreams.

Selections from the original story treatment, published in Wim Wenders On Film, by Faber & Faber:

“It’s surely no exaggeration to say that in the whole history of the cinema, no subject has been handled as much as love.

Wim Wenders, On Film

A story in which love is possible, love works , is right and proper, and with an ending to match. At any price. All received wisdom to the contrary. (And where did that ever get us?) With a courage born of despair. With fortunefavouring the brave. In spite of everything and, if need be, TO THE END OF THE WORLD.

Wim Wenders, On Film

The story itself is very simple. Maybe it will become more complicated. We’ll see. At any rate I’d like to make this film in the same way that I made Alice in The Cities, Kings of the Road, The State of Things, and not least, the second half of Paris, Texas.

Wim Wenders, On Film.

Use an almost empty ‘narrative structure’ and gradually have it filled in by the actors and by pooling all of our experience. Discover the story, in other words.

Wim Wenders, On Film.

It’s the only way I can do it now. And there’s no better way of making an adventure film.

Wim Wenders, On Film.
Waking from one dream to find yourself living in another.

Wenders’ resulting “adventure film” tells the story of Claire Tourneur, a listless young Parisian woman trying to find herself in Venice, Italy, but mostly losing herself in “a lot of parties, designer drugs, and one-night stands.”

Claire, through the looking glass.
Nouvelle Vague star Anna Karina and her trademark bangs.
International theatrical poster.

As an off-course Indian satellite circles the earth, threatening to destroy it, Claire wakes up from a falling nightmare, in bed with one of her disposable lovers (in a black wig, looking like Anna Karina in Alphaville), though we assume she hasn’t rested long, since we learn that Claire doesn’t really sleep.

Claire and some Talking Heads.

She wanders, drifts, really, through the stragglers, die hards, and miscellaneous detritus left over from last night’s revelry (or however long ago this Bunuelian-party-that-never-ends began).

Party like it’s 1999, because, it is.

Claire seems at once to belong to and remain apart from the people and environment she wanders past and through.

She is clearly very far from home. This place is not a final destination for her, just a quick stop along the way to who-knows-where?

And like the shark that will surely die if it stops swimming, Claire must move on from here. But where will she go?

She is on the run, even though no one is chasing her. Yet. Calire is simply trying to escape the very relatable pain of a recent breakup.

But, of course, heartbreak is something you carry with you, and so, everywhere that Claire goes, and she goes just about everywhere over the course of the film, there it is: heartbreak.

Her writer boyfriend, now ex, the film’s ever-patient narrator, Gene, played by Sam Neil (Żulowski’s Possession; Jurassic Park I & III), has just cheated on Claire with her best friend, Makiko. And though her friendship with Makiko seems to have survived, maybe a little bruised, but mostly unscathed, what Claire had with Gene has forever been lost.

Off the map.
Taking the road less travelled.
The freedom of the open road.
Claire’s world is literally turned upside down.

Claire is on the fast track to nowhere-in-particular when a (miraculously non-fatal) automotive crack up irrevocably changes the course of her life forever.

Chick Ortega as Chico.
Eddy Mitchell as Raymond.
Shoot The Piano Player.
Charles Aznavour and his captors in Piano Player.
Theatrical poster.

Claire rolls her car, swerving to avoid collision with a vehicle driven by two French bank robbers, played here by Chick Ortega (Wings of Desire; Jeunet & Caro’s Delicatessen) and Eddy Mitchell (Bertrand Tavernier’s Coup de Torchon and Round Midnight) as a friendlier, goofier version of the two hoods who harassed Charles Aznavour in Francois Truffaut’s Shoot The Piano Player.

Claire entertains an unusual job opportunity: stolen money courier.

A surprising exchange follows. Rather than a road rage incident erupting at gunpoint (as one might expect when colliding with a pair of desperate, armed, fleeing bank robbers) out in the middle of Italy’s version of nowhere, these apparrently harmless bandits have a surprisingly attractive, albeit highly dangerous, and clearly illegal, proposition for Claire.

If she will transport the money they have stolen in a headline-making heist at the Nice airport (they are too hot, and one of them too injured, to do it themselves), they will cut Claire in on thirty-percent of the loot.

Suddenly, Claire’s wayward wanderings are given purpose and direction. She has a mission. And she sets out to accomplish that mission with great enthusiasm. With her 30 percent, she can buy herself an apartment back in Paris, perhaps overlooking the Seine.

At the very least, she will not have to return to Gene, whom she still loves, but can no longer trust.

William Hurt as Trevor McPhee/Sam Farber.

Her mission is initially derailed, then defined by, a chance encounter at a (video!) pay-phone with a man claiming to be an Australian called Trevor McPhee, but who is really an American named Sam Farber.

You have very sad eyes.

-Claire to Sam.

I’m not a sad man though.

-Sam to Claire.

Played by a never-so-dashing William Hurt (Altered States, Body Heat). Sam is handsome, charming, and mysterious, with a little boy lost quality to him. Claire naturally falls in love at first sight. The first thing she notices? His eyes.

Sam is being followed by a mysterious man with an Australian accent (Ernie Dingo), who may or may not be a hitman. Claire covers for Sam, and when he is desperate for her help in evading his pursuer, she reluctantly agrees.

Where have you been?

Sam to Claire.

Everywhere… and back.

Claire to Sam.

Claire whisks Trevor away in her badly damaged (and foam-covered) automobile, and unknowingly embarks on the beginning of what will be the adventure of her lifetime, one that will take her across the globe and possibly heal her heartache.

When they are stopped by some futuristic police vehicles for a roadside check, Sam learns that he isn’t the only one on the run. Claire is afraid of the police and it has something to do with the heavy bag she’s carrying.

Sam offers to drive, and surprising herself, in his presence, Claire is able to finally fall (and stay) asleep.

While she’s lost in dreams, curious about the contents of Claire’s luggage, Sam exploits the opportunity to search her bag and help himself to some of the cash.

How long did I sleep?

Claire to Sam.

About 500 kilometres.

Sam to Claire.

It’s telling that in a road movie like this, time is measured not in seconds, minutes, and hours, but in distance travelled.

Pygmy singing.

Claire returns to Paris to deliver the stolen money and collect her cut. She drops Sam off, only to discover once he’s gone that so is some of her money. In its place is an I.O.U. and Sam’s prized recording of a group of Pygmy children singing.

“I went to a lot of parties. I cried a lot.”

Taking brief refuge at Gene’s apartment to count the money and figure out how much is hers, Claire decides she has to go after Sam, telling herself that it’s only to retrieve the money stolen from her, but knowing, as we do, that the money is only an excuse.

Gotta be 5 o’clock somewhere in the world, right?
Claire takes in the Tokyo skyline.
Relics of the future past.
At the end of the world.

And so Claire departs to track down Sam and the stolen money, a journey that will take her from Paris to Berlin, to Moscow, to Tokyo, and beyond, ultimately to the Australian outback, where Sam hopes to reunite with his parents before the Indian satellite brings about the last of days.

Rüdiger Volger as Winter.

The trail leads to some encounters with the other interested parties who are hunting Sam for their own reasons, apparently having to do with some rare opals that Sam has stolen along with a mysterious, top-secret video-camera headset that his father has invented.

Volger in WendersKings of the Road (1976).

Chief amongst Sam’s pursuers is the rumpled, German private-eye, Winter, played by Rüdiger Volger (Wenders’ Alice in the Cities, Kings of the Road, and Lisbon Story), who proves alternately annoying and useful to Claire.

Winter has resources that Claire does not, and with his high tech tracking gear, he quickly picks up Sam’s scent. Reluctantly, Claire agrees to partner up with Winter. Perhaps together they will have a greater chance of finding Sam.

A young Max Von Sydow (R) plays games with Death (L) in Ingmar Bergman’s masterpiece.
Three Swedish legends of cinema: Max Von Sydow (L), Liv Ullman (M), and revered auteur-filmmaker, Ingmar Bergman (R).

Sam’s father, Dr. Farber, is played by the great icon of Ingmar Bergman’s cinema, Max Von Sydow (The Seventh Seal; Spielberg’s Minority Report).

Like so many brilliant but myopic men of his generation, and every generation before him and since, Dr. Farber has been figuratively blinded by his career ambitions to the harm that his life’s work is causing the people who love him most, mainly his son, Sam. Slowly, Sam is being literally blinded while trying to complete his father’s research through over-exposure to the visionary camera that Dr. Farber has invented, the American government has stolen, and Sam has “repossessed.” What makes the camera so special? Among other things, it can record our dreams.

Sam looks, but cannot see.

Blindness, literal or otherwise, is one of (if not the) main themes of the picture, which is highly ironic given that UTEOTW is a film with such an abundance of visual splendour.

The late, great Robby Müller.

It should be counted among the finest examples of the late Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller’s very best work, a long list of excellent pictures that includes:

German poster for Down By Law, Jim Jarmusch’s triumphant follow-up to his indie debut, Stranger Than Paradise.
Theatrical poster for Wenders Paris, Texas (1986).
Theatrical poster for Alex Cox’s Repo Man.
Theatrical poster for Jarmusch’s brilliant, dead-pan western.
Theatrical poster for Lars Von Trier’s most acclaimed film.
Spanish poster for Von Trier’s Dancer In The Dark.
Theatrical poster for Michael Winterbottom’s 24 Hour Party People.
A walk to the end of the world.

Perhaps it is precisely because UTEOTW is so beautiful to look at that the prospect of losing our ability to see, as Wenders’ story presents, becomes so terrifying, and thus, such an effective dramatic engine for what may initially appear to be a rambling, globetrotting journey without destination. That all changes once we learn the true nature of Sam’s mission. But first, back to blindness:

Beloved French film icon (and ex-wife to William Friedkin), Jeanne Moreau.

Sam’s mother (played by Jeanne Moreau, another legendary icon of international cinema), is already clinically, legally blind, which is why Dr. Farber invented the camera in the first place.

Sam and his father’s camera.
Sam records a video message from his sister in Siberia.
Sweet dreams (machine).

Sam’s true mission, we eventually learn, is to travel the world collecting images of family, friends, and various landscapes for his mother to finally “see.” Dr. Farber’s camera does have the capacity to record our dreams, but it was originally designed for the sole purpose of allowing blind people to see.

Reeling from the fresh heartbreak of Gene and Makiko’s betrayal, Claire is now “love blind” over Sam. As she says, she is like some teenage girl with a bad crush, refusing to see the many red flags warning her off pursuing the troubled Sam, who robs her, abandons her, sleeps with her, ties her up, robs and abandons her again.

Winter’s upgraded bounty hunter software finally locks in on Trevor McPhee, who is really Sam Farber.

Sam really does not want to be followed, even by someone as intriguing, beautiful, and selflessly invested in helping him (for no discernible, logical reason), as Claire.

Winter and Claire chained to the bed and each other.

When he skips out on her for a second time, leaving her stranded, broke, and handcuffed to Winter in a Tokyo hotel room, Claire calls Sam a bastard. But she isn’t going to give up on him. When Claire loves someone, she is prepared to go to the ends of the world for them. And thats’s exactly what she will have to do for Sam.

For his part, our hapless narrator, Gene, is blind to how badly he has hurt Claire, and how she could have so easily and speedily fallen out of love with him, only to immediately fall in love with a criminal like Sam, who treats her so much worse (in Gene’s estimation) than he did through his one-off transgression with Makiko.

Gene and Winter make unlikely bedfellows.
Claire, Gene, and Winter, unable to find beds at their Moscow hotel.

Gene will have to traverse the globe chasing after Claire, then chasing Sam with her, footing the bill along the way, before he is ready to see that he has lost her forever as a partner, but never as a friend. And anyone who knows Claire will attest that, to be her friend, is certainly worth crossing the globe for, even if only to finally let her go.

Winter cuts the figure of a classic Hollywood gumshoe, like a German version of Sam Spade or Philip Marlowe.

Winter, the lovable, but lonely private eye, by the very definition of his occupation, is always looking for what cannot be found, and therefore cannot be seen.

Like his Bounty Bear program, Winter is perpetually searching, searching, searching.

Winter is his name, finding people is his game.

But by the time he reaches the Australian outback in the film’s more philosophical and decidedly slower-paced second-half, his eyes are now open to something more profound than the endless pursuit of chasing people for money.

He is, after all, as Gene tells us in his narration, a “bleeding heart,” who previously made finding lost children his life’s mission.

End of the world music.

And though poor Winter suffers much through the film, always the one most put out by the double crosses and desperate attempts to evade him, the experience of venturing to the end of the world with Claire, et al, has seemingly delivered him to a moment approximating some form of enlightenment. By the film’s end, Winter is at peace, his heart still bleeding, but intact.

Claire comforts Sam.
You’ll see me in my dreams.

Ultimately, the most urgent concern of Wenders’ film is with the blindness that we all share — the inability to truly see into each other’s hearts, minds, and dreams.

A frustrated scientist & his microscope: Liam Neeson in Sam Raimi’s Darkman (1990).

We have modern, ultra-sophisticated microscopes that can show us our cellular makeup…

Jim Carrey discovers one of the hidden cameras in Peter Weir’s The Truman Show.

Tiny, fibre-optic video cameras that can be inserted under our skin to allow us to see inside our bodies and study our internal organs…

Theatrical poster.

We have X-ray machines that sometimes look and make us feel like we’re strapped in for one of those nasty procedures in John Frankenheimer’s prototypical 1966 body-horror, Seconds, that show us our bones, but none of this technology can show us what we feel or think.

MRI brain scan.

We can look at our brains with an MRI machine, but we cannot see our thoughts. Dr. Farber’s revolutionary dream camera rectifies that.

Dr. Farber in his underground lab (lair?).
Claire (L), and Farber, Sr. (R).

To see each other’s dreams would be to reveal an open window directly into the deepest, hidden, unexpressed reservoirs of our innermost thoughts and feelings.

Sam’s blind mother dreams…
And can finally see her son, as he was when he was a little boy.

And Farber’s device records not only what we are looking at, but also how we feel about what we are looking at. It records our emotions. It can “see” a child’s love for its mother, for example.

This site’s favourite film critic, Mr. Roger Ebert, in his best formal wear.

My favourite quote ever about movies comes from Roger Ebert, the one about how they are “empathy machines,” but a camera that can show us our own and other people’s dreams? With all due respect, admiration, and apologies to Sir. Roger, Dr. Farber’s camera would easily have the movies beat.

Ebert’s UTEOTW review.

Incidently, Ebert gave UTEOTW a very lacklustre two stars in his contemporaneous review, and wrote somewhat dismissively: “The movie itself, unfortunately, is not as compelling as the tempest that went into its making.”

Ebert and the thumbs of judgment.

But in all fairness to him, Ebert only saw the truncated version, not the Director’s Cut. In effect, he only saw half the picture, so awarding the original version half of the stars that the Director’s Cut rightly deserves actually seems apropos.

Claire is weary of Sam’s futuristic head gear.

Should such a device as the one Dr. Farber invents in the film ever come into existence, I fear that, at least for the cinema, it truly would be the end of the world.

From lonely heart…
To mad bomber.

But with the exception of a small bit of comic relief around one minor character (Tom Farrell) whose apocalyptic Cassandra Complex turns him from anxious dive-bar lonely heart into an anti-nuclear-activist-cum-terrorist, that sort of the sky is falling (or in this case, Indian satellite), doomsday rhetoric is mostly avoided by Wenders’ hopeful, romantic, ode to travel, technology, love, and dreams, and so, I’ll avoid it here.

Poster for Paul Schrader’s 2002 sex and videotape drama, Auto Focus.
Family man Bob Crane (Greg Kinnear) shows off his new video camera in Paul Schrader’s Auto Focus (2002).
Then puts it to its real use…
A different kind of “home movie.”

Like Paul Schrader’s 2002 sex-and-videotape drama, Auto Focus, would do a little over a decade later, UTEOTW also holds a special significance for those of us with an interest in the history and development of digital video photography.

Early reel-to-reel video tape.

At the time of UTEOTW’s production, although analog tape had been around since 1951, the digital medium was very much in its infancy. If it were a baby, it would have taken its first breath, but not yet opened its eyes.

To sleep… Perchance, to dream.
Farber’s tech is the holy grail in the search to capture our dreams.
Shades of Hurt’s earlier immersion in visionary sci-fi, Ken Russell’s 1980 film of Paddy Chayevsky’s script for Altered States.
Hurt in Altered States.
Theatrical poster for Ken Russell’s Altered States.

Dr. Farber’s camera remains the stuff of science-fiction fantasy, but since the audience would have to view so much of the footage that the Farber’s device was supposedly capturing, there was a real need for Wenders to find a credible way of presenting digital images that would still be recognizable as videotape to an audience in 1991, when the film was to be released, but also show how the technology might significantly advance by the year 1999, when the story takes place.

This required Wenders, his creative and technical teams, and the Japanese engineers in R&D over at SONY, who would have to actually develop or invent the working hardware and software required by the task at hand, to imagine the potential future of video ten years down the road.

Claire captures the sights.
Playback.
Early digital video capture of Hurt, as Sam.
You can just barely make out the shape of a doorway captured by Claire’s handicam.
The canals in Venice.
Thai-chi at the end of the world.
Child on bicycle.
Face of the future.
Visions from the underground.
Self-portrait of a hitchhiker.

They set about accomplishing this in three ways. First, they would have to create the blurry, pixelated, desaturated digital images captured by Claire with her consumer-grade mini-handicam.

Then there would be the higher resolution, but still slightly impressionistic (since they are imbued with the beholder’s feelings about what they are seeing), much crispier, high-end digital images captured by Sam while out in the field. We see them as double images as we would with modern 3-D cameras, which, like our own brains, rely on two overlayed visual inputs to create the illusion of depth, as we perceive it with our eyes.

Terminator (2) vision.

With the on-screen computational overlays, Sam’s footage is a little like Schwarzenegger’s POV shots from James Cameron’s Terminator 2: Judgement Day, released the same year as Wenders’ film, though obviously to much greater box office.

Lastly, they would need to create the vibrant, impressionistic, colour-saturated (occasionally black-and-white or monochromatic) images, distorted to the point of abstraction, of the various characters’ dreams (and sometimes, nightmares).

Digital vision of Claire.
An analogue one.

The first challenge for the team of artists and technicians assembled by Wenders’ would be the inevitable, unfavourable comparisons of the aesthetic qualities of the digital footage to the well established look of traditional film.

Pixel-vision Claire.

By juxtaposing digital video images with those shot on celluloid, as Wenders intended to do, the fear was that, by contrast to the pristine look of contemporary film stocks, which, unlike digital video, had advanced considerably by the early 90s (film admittedly had more than half-a-century’s head start on its baby-sister medium), that video footage would just look bad. Grainy. Ugly. Unusable.

Digital noise.

Pixels were simply no match for film grain in 1991. Was it even possible to make video look beautiful back then? Wenders and his collaborators were undaunted in their many trials and errors along the way in that most honourable of pursuits: artistic and technological innovation.

The real-world images that Sam and Claire would record with their respective cameras in their across-the-world adventures would be challenge enough, but how could Wenders and team even hope to approximate the look and feel of our dreams?

Salvador Dali’s conceptual sketch for the “eyeball” set from Alfred Hitchcock’s Spellbound.

Beyond those technical difficulties associated with the use of digital media in its early form, there was an even more daunting artistic obstacle: the generally accepted notion that dream sequences in cinema (and television) have traditionally, more often than not, simply been inadequate in their attempts to articulate the intangible, amorphous look and feel of our dreams, which do not adhere to any of the visual logic that film grammar is dependent upon. Of course, there are exceptions:

The Salvador Dali sequence in Alfred Hitchcock’s Spellbound (1945) is one prime example.

The world’s most famous surrealist painter and its most famous director of suspense pictures, respectively, Dali’s and Hitchcock’s worlds collided in Spellbound with stunning results.

Gregory Peck needs a nap after all that dreaming!
60th anniversary Vertigo re-release poster.
The director’ screen credit.
Bass’ screen credit (detail).

Topping his work in Spellbound, the Saul Bass psych-out sequences in Hitchcock’s 1958 masterpiece, Vertigo, remain the very best of their kind.

A restless night of sleep for Jimmy Stewart’s Scotty.
Haunted in dreams.
Or is he awake?
Flowers for the dead…
Transform into cartoon leaves.
They tumble towards us.
Scotty travels through the void.
He sees red.
He is transported to a graveyard.
Where an open grave is waiting…
For him!
Head trip.
The face of fear.
Not Boris Karloff.
A falling silhouette.
The trademark Bass cut-out style.
Falling in black and white.
Scotty wakes up in fright.
Fellini’s masterpiece. Or, at least, one of his masterpieces.

Fellini’s opening to 8 & 1/2 (1963) is another example of dreams done right, probably the finest articulation of dream imagery in international cinema to date.

Stuck in traffic.
Under the watchful eyes of strangers in the other vehicles.
A busload of passengers, so jammed in, their limbs are spilling out of the windows. Makes the TTC look slightly less like Dante’s Inferno.
Trapped in his car.
Glared at, by more commuters.
Ignored by those with more pressing things on their minds.
Riders on a bus to nowhere.
Freeing himself from the vehicle…
But not the scrutiny of the strangers.
Preparing for take-off.
Rising.
Taking flight.
Comes a horseman.
“Down you come!”
Tethered to the earth.
Some people just don’t know when to let go!
Prognosticator of prognosticators.
“Down for good!”
Shades of Vertigo.

Woody Allen’s opening to Stardust Memories (1980), riffing on Fellini’s opening to 8 & 1/2, also comes to mind.

Allen & longtime casting director, Juliet Taylor, proved they could rival Fellini in selecting extras with great faces. Just look at the mug on the train’s ticket-taker. Is that not the face of Judgement?

There are even those few, extra rare examples of films which successfully create and sustain a dreamlike quality for the entirety of their runtime.

Theatrical poster for David Lynch’s Lost Highway.
Theatrical poster for what some say is Lynch’s best work, Mulholland Drive.

The most obvious example would be the cinema of (recently departed genius) David Lynch, especially Lost Highway (1997), and Mullholland Drive (2001).

Season 5 advert.

Outside of the movies, the most successful dream sequences in narrative television are likely to be found in select episodes of HBO’s landmark mafia & psychoanalysis drama, The Sopranos (1999-2007).

Tony goes full Gary Cooper, his spirit animal.

The most notable example would have to be Season 5’s 11th episode, The Test Dream – the one where Tony rides a horse through his living room.

What sets UTEOTW apart from those other stories in this regard, is that it never attempts to recreate the distorted narrative logic of our dreams. It’s not bothered with their elusive plots (trying to remember the stories in our dreams only ever proves to be an exercise in frustration), but is instead preoccupied with the meaning of the images and with the emotions they elicit in the dreamer.

The dazzling, impossible physics of Christopher Nolan’s dream thriller Inception (2010).

There are no gravity-defying Inception-like dream-within-a-dream (within a dream!) heist sequences to be found here. Instead, Wenders and team explore the new and emerging aesthetic possibilities inherent in imagining how our brains would interpret and process images without the benefit of our eyes to actually see them.

It’s a fascinating visual problem, and as such, a distinctly cinematic one. And because it is so interested in how we see, how we feel about what we see, and how we reproduce and share what we see, UTEOTW is a story that can really only be properly told through the uniquely visual medium that is the magic of moving pictures.

Cinema remains the art form that most closely approximates our dreams, despite its over-reliance on pesky little elements like visual and narrative logic.

Lovers in flight.

The great joys of the film’s first half are to be found in exploring the visual pleasures of our external realities: of so many diverse, breathtaking landscapes (from the Blade Runner-esque metropolis of near-future Tokyo, to the vast, tranquil emptiness of the Australian outback) in such rapid-fire succession; of so many beautiful and captivating movie-star faces; of such a rich and varied, and when called for, impressionistic colour palette (remember when movies weren’t just orange and green?!); of the great sounds and songs that play throughout Claire’s big adventure on the film’s soundtrack (more on that later).

In contrast, the great pleasures of the second half are to be found in the film’s scientific and philosophical musings, its ideas about ways of seeing, and in its intellectual curiosity about humankind’s shared compulsion to steal glimpses into the mysterious abyss of our unexplored interior lives through our dreams. Wenders’ characters do this armed with the full knowledge, as Nietzsche warned us, that the abyss always stares back.

Sam’s fading eye-sight is but one of the dangers (physical, psychological, moral, and otherwise) inherent in the use of Dr. Farber’s dream machine.

The good doctor’s intention of restoring sight to the blind is, of course, a noble one, but we all know what the road to hell is paved with.

Philip K. Dick: The Man Who Saw The Futute (and was terrified).

You don’t have to be a paranoid genius on the level of Philip K. Dick (Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?; We Can Remember It For You Wholesale) to imagine the real world implications and potential for harm that abuse of Farber’s device would cause if placed in the proverbial wrong hands.

We have been well warned by Dick in his novels and the films adapted from them.

NSA whistleblower, Edward Snowden.

The concept that technology might be used in the future to harm us is one that we are all very familiar with in the post-Edward Snowden reality in which we find ourselves currently living, as we’ve seen in Laura Poitras’s documentary Citizen Four (2014), and Oliver Stone’s Snowden (2016).

But the surveillance state hasn’t just been forced upon us by Big Brother, like we saw in Michael Radford’s 1984 adaptation of George Orwell’s dystopian 1949 novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Theatrical poster.

We happily adopted it ourselves, volunteering our locations, memories, and thoughts in an endless stream of Facebook updates, Instagram posts, and Twitter/X tweets (Xs?), as we saw in David Fincher’s The Social Network (2010).

Gunmen hot on Sam’s trail.

That using the futuristic tech his father invented will put Sam’s life in danger is more than a distinct possibility considering the rogues gallery of bounty hunters, private dicks, and even hitmen, that the US government has dispatched to solve their Sam problem. All of that makes for great high stakes drama and suspense as Sam circumnavigates the planet in his efforts to evade them.

The personal risks that Sam takes in his righteous quest to collect images for his mother almost excuse his bad behaviour towards Claire before they inevitably (as people must do in the movies), finally, properly fall in love.

Sam slips away again.

It’s not that Sam is a bad person, it’s just that he has a mission, too, and he cannot afford to get distracted or waylaid by anyone or anything, not even true love. Time is running out for Sam before, like his mother, he can no longer see.

In Tokyo, Sam is lost in more than translation. He has finally, completely lost his sight.

By the time Claire and Winter finally track Sam down to that Tokyo hotel, he is now effectively, totally, blind.

Since an image collector needs only two things: a camera, and the use of their eyes, at about the halfway point in UTEOTW, Sam is unable to complete his mission, and here, the film does something very odd. Already more than two hours in (more than the entire length of most movies) Wenders stop the story cold, pausing the frenetic pace of the global chase narrative, to allow Sam as much time as he needs for his eyes to heal, and for he and Claire to really get to know each other, and genuinely fall in love. From here on out, Claire will no longer have to chase after Sam.

The chemical process we experience as romantic love may occur in an instant, hence, “love at first sight,” but that is only the intense, but shallow, quick-fading flame of lust and infatuation, not the everlasting, till-death-do-us-part, raging fire of selfless, heart-bursting, life-lasting true love, the stuff Shakespeare and Dylan Thomas wrote about, the kind of love that can make you forget the world is soon coming to an end.

Lovers embrace.

Once Sam stops running, and lying, and finally tells Claire all of his secrets and fears, when he is truly vulnerable with her for really the first time, Claire isn’t angry that he has been keeping so much from him.

She says only, “You could have told me this before.” It’s not the admonishment that it sounds like. Claire just wants Sam to know that everything she learns about him only makes her love him more. It has taken them such a long time, over so many miles, to finally reach this place of trust, affection, and connection with each other, and it could well prove to be that very rare and special kind of love after all.

Despite its never-ending fountain of ideas, optimism, and hope for the coming (now past) future of 1999, it is Wenders‘ romantic, humanist tendencies that have had me revisiting a film which perplexed me greatly 34 years ago, when both the movie and I were so much younger.

Spanish VHS cover art.

Not really understanding the deeper implications of the story as an 11 or 12 year-old, and despite the aesthetic limitations of first seeing it on VHS tape, the movie’s sumptuous visuals and its ultra-cool soundtrack intrigued me sufficiently to return to it again and again every few years. Now that we’ve both matured (hopefully, in my case) with the passage of time, UTEOTW has finally, totally enchanted me.

Though the film fared poorly at the box office, the soundtrack album was a considerable hit for a little-seen art film, peaking at #114 on the US Billboard 200 sales chart.
Reverse album cover with one hell of an impressive track listing!

I’m not ashamed to tell anyone who will listen that I absolutely adore this film. To echo Nick Caves words on my favourite (among many standouts) track from the album, which I’ve happily had stuck in my head since re-watching UTEOTW for this post, (I will love it) till the end of the world!

Gene and Claire reminisce.
The Stones, still at it.

There is a funny music joke in the film, too. When Claire reminisces with Gene about the time they saw The Rolling Stones’ last concert, Gene corrects her. “But it wasn’t their last concert, was it?” Claire smiles, knowingly, and we smile, too. That’s another of many predictions that Wim got right.

The Stones (who did not contribute any songs to the soundtrack) did not have their last concert in 1999 nor, as of this writing in early 2025, in any year since. In fact, according to our friends at Google (by which I mean myself, using their search engine), The Rolling Stones are currently planning a 2025 European tour. Wherever they are in the world right now, I’m sure they are either performing live, or rehearsing to do so imminently.

Dommartin (L), shares a laugh with Wenders (R), her then-partner in life and art.

Wenders’ former screen muse and life companion, the luminous Solveig Dommartin, died tragically young on January 11th, 2007 in Paris, France, after a heart attack. She was only 48 years young.

Dommartin (L), with Wenders (R).
Dommartin (L), with Wenders (R).
Dommartin (L), with Wenders (R).
Wenders (L), with Dommartin (R).
Wenders (R) directs Dommartin (L) on location for Wings of Desire.
Dommartin with Bruno Ganz as the love-struck angel, Damiel, in Wim Wender’s masterpiece, Wings of Desire.

I hope she is with Damiel and Cassiel now, and all the other angels of heaven, joyfully spreading her own wings of desire, while keeping a friendly watch over the great many of us who return again and again to the enduring gifts she left behind in her all-too-few screen appearances.

Dommartin with Peter Falk in Wings of Desire.

In Wenders’ Wings of Desire she gave one of world cinema’s finest performances, one that must not be forgotten.

But it is her portrayal of Claire in UTEOTW that remains my personal favourite. I think I fell a little bit in love with Dommartin myself when I was 13 or 14 and first saw her lighting up the screen in that circus tent, or going alone to a dingy underground club to see Nick Cave perform live in Desire. And that’s the other bit of magic to be found at the movies. It doesn’t matter where I am in my life, whenever I see this picture, or Wings of Desire, or any of the films I fell in love with in my formative movie-watching years, I am instantly 13 again, and happily love blind.

Immersed in a digital landscape.

But I’m not 13 anymore, of course. I’m 45 now. It is January 27th, 2025 as I write this. Nearly 35 years have passed since the film was made, and more than a quarter-of-a-century since 1999, when it take place. We are living in the future of the future that UTEOTW envisioned.

Dr. Farber, by way of Steve Jobs.

Probably the closest thing we have today to a device that even remotely resembles Dr. Farber’s dream machine is Apple’s Vision Pro headset.

Shades of that iconic, Sam Farber style.
Merging reality with your desktop.
Images come to life.
An out-of-this-world experience for just under $6,000!

The Vision-Pro looks a little like Dr. Farber’s device, and though the headsets may not be able to record our dreams (yet!), they do just about everything else, including immerse us fully in an alternate, 360-degree-spanning, dream-like reality.

Staying connected with friends and family anywhere in the world.

Not to mention video calling, as predicted in the film (along with the internet, GPS, and Winter’s iPad-like computer tablet).

Record your loved ones…
Just by looking at them!

Apple’s Vision Pro offers the wearer of its headset the ability to record, as Sam does, their memories, not as they might do through the cumbersome apparatus of a video camera in their hands, but hands-free, just by looking.

Our greatest hope for realizing Farber’s vision of seeing our dreams through some kind of digital medium continues to rest on tbe efforts of doctors, scientists, and technicians (and dreamers!) working to find new and improved technologies for mapping and reading our brains. According to the BBC article above (its slightly misleading headline aside), we’re getting a lot closer to achieving the reality that UTEOTW envisages. Soon, it will be science-fiction no more.

Claire sees the future.
The Orgasmitron from Sleeper.

Whatever technology we do ultimately adopt to enhance it (Sleeper’s Orgasmitron, anyone?), human beings will always seek most to connect to each other, to fall in love, to share our memories, our fears, our hopes, and, perhaps more than anything else, our dreams.

And so, this post is dedicated with much respect and admiration to the memory, and in honour of, the great, multi-talented, human being and artist, Solveig Dommartin. May she forever rest in peace and power.

So, what happens now?

Claire to Gene

That’s for you to invent.

Gene to Claire.

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Slalom” (1965)

Italian theatrical poster.
A young Maestro, around the time he composed the score for “Slalom.”
The Maestro’s screen credit.

The Album:

From the liner notes to Dagored’s 2000 pressing of “Slalom“:

“It is without doubt thanks to the perfect harmony between the composer and the director (a subject that I wit repeat again and again, since the final result is, of course, a single work which is presented to the spectator in the audience) that Morricone’s music for “Slalom” by Luciano Salce is an exharating, small work of art in its category.

Front cover sticker.

It is certainly a reliable example of our own Morricone’s activity in the 60s and 70s. Certainly, the rhythmic, melodic accents would not have been the same without the impressive participation of Alessandroni’s choral formation, and without Alessandro himself, whose contribution often results as being fundamental (and this is particularly the case here) not only for the formal but also for the substance of the work of music itself. Both amused and amusing, the music closely follows the vicissitudes of Gassman who is all the best of his theatrical art (and this music becomes a sort of grateful homage, from myself and from DAGORED, to the memory of Gassman, since the tributes after his death have not been numerous).

The music emphasizes with irony and (it is here that we can see the genius of Morricone’s compositions) above all with a perfect, formal style, the frenzied and amusing events that begin at Sestriere but… who knows where they will finish!

(The orchestration, and we are speaking of a master composer, is rich and vivacious and (Bruno) Nicolai’s orchestral direction is rigorous and has style and, at the same time, is tastefully characterized by a good, healthy sense of rhythm).

See the film if you have the chance… it’s two hours of fun! I have already mentioned Alessandroni, but I would like to further emphasize how the contribution (always discreet, as Sandro isn’t a person who likes to be in the spotlight at all costs) Of “I Cantori Moderni“, which, at the time, included voices such as those of Edda Dell’Orso, Gianna Spagnuto, Raoul, Giulia Alessandroni (just to name a few that first come to mind) returns to this beautiful and enjoyable soundtrack the improvised flavor of a genuine dish of real Italian music… the same music which, with the same name and excellent quality (Morricone) has rightly become a legend all over the world.”

Roberto Zamori/ Film Music Art Studio

Listen to the main theme (“Titoli”) from “Slalom” here:

Ennio Morricone – Titoli – Remastered – Slalom (1965)

Listen to the complete score here:

Ennio Morricone – Slalom – vinyl lp album – Luciano Salce – Vittorio Gassman Daniela Bianchi Dagored

Purchase a copy of the vinyl on Discogs here:

Slalom” on Discogs.

Other Editions:

2000 Dagored pressing.
Gatefold.
Slalom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), Secondary, 2 of 6
Reverse album cover.
2000 Dagored CD release.
2006 Japanese CD release.

The Film:

From MUBI.com:

From Wikipedia:

Slalom is a 1965 Italian comedy film directed by Luciano Salce and starring Vittorio Gassman.[1]

SLALOM
Directed byLuciano Salce
Written byFranco Castellano
Giuseppe Moccia
Produced byMario Cecchi Gori
StarringVittorio Gassman
CinematographyAlfio Contini
Edited byMarcello Malvestito
Music byEnnio Morricone
Release date24 September 1965
Running time108 minutes
CountryItaly
LanguageItalian

Plot

Lucio and Riccardo, a pair of married pals, take their wives on a ski vacation in Sestriere but get distracted by the beautiful and seductive Nadia and Helen, who lure them into unexpected adventure and danger where Lucio is forced to go to Egypt with another passport and identity.

Cast

References

  1.  Brantley, Ben (2007). “New York Times: Slalom”. Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2008.

Title Sequence:

Watch the opening titles for “Slalom” here:

#584– SLALOM opening credits

The Director:

Poster:

Italian theatrical poster.

Categories
Graphic Design

Artist Spotlight: Ermanno Iaia

Although I featured several of Iaia’s works in my post on “Un Uomo Da Rispettare” as part of the ongoing Morricone Collection series, I felt the artist deserved his own spotlight. He has created some iconic posters for film like Bernardo Bertolluci’sThe Conformist,”Iaia is hardly a household name. He should be considered Italy’s equal to Drew Struzan.

Hollywood’s most acclaimed poster illustrator Drew Struzan.

But I’ll let these personal favourites from among his many stunning illustrations to speak for themselves:

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Rampage” (1986)

*This post is dedicated to Watercat, who was able to source a copy of the film for me, a major blind spot in my Friedkin viewings.

French poster for William Friedkin’s “Rampage” aka “Le Sang Du Chatiment.”
Album cover art.
The Maestro in 1986, with his score to Roland Joffe’sThe Mission,” a much more famous work composed the same as the music for William Friedkin’sRampage.”

Written, produced, and directed by William Friedkin (The French Connection, The Exorcist), this barely released, and still little seen serial killer thriller features one of Morricone’s most quietly unnerving scores.

Trailer.
Original trailer.

The Album:

Album cover art.
Side One.
Side Two.
Reverse album cover.

Listen to Morricone’s complete score for “Rampage” here:

RAMPAGE (FULL VINYL)

Purchase the vinyl at Discogs here:

https://www.discogs.com/release/2102893-Ennio-Morricone-Rampage-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack

The Film:

https://www.miramax.com/movie/Rampage/

Synopsis from Miramax’s official site:

“Legal insanity is so often the default, modern-day defense for gruesome crimes and for Alex McArthur the claim is no different. Alex is an outwardly normal man who goes on incredible killing and mutilating sprees. When he is finally captured and brought to trial, the district attorney is torn between his own liberal ideals on guilt and personal responsibility, and the heinous crimes for which the accused is being tried.”

From Wikipedia:

Rampage is a 1987 American crime drama film written, produced and directed by William Friedkin. The film stars Michael BiehnAlex McArthur, and Nicholas Campbell. Friedkin wrote the script based on the novel of the same name by William P. Wood, which was inspired by the life of Richard Chase.[4]

Original “Rampage” script.

The film premiered at the Boston Film Festival on September 24, 1987, but its theatrical release was stalled for five years due to production company and distributor De Laurentiis Entertainment Group going bankrupt. In 1992, Miramax obtained distribution rights and gave the film a limited release in North America. For the Miramax release, Friedkin reedited the film and changed the ending.

Plot summary

Charles Reece is a serial killer who commits a number of brutal mutilation-slayings in order to drink blood as a result of paranoid delusions. Reece is soon captured. Most of the film revolves around the trial and the prosecutor’s attempts to have Reece found sane and given the death penaltyDefense lawyers, meanwhile, argue that the defendant is not guilty by reason of insanity. The prosecutor, Anthony Fraser, was previously against capital punishment, but he seeks such a penalty in the face of Reece’s brutal crimes after meeting one victim’s grieving family.

In the end, Reece is found sane and given the death penalty, but Fraser’s internal debate about capital punishment is rendered academic when Reece is found to be insane by a scanning of his brain for mental illness. In the ending of the original version of the film, Reece is found dead in his cell, having overdosed himself on antipsychotics he had been stockpiling.

Alternate ending

In the ending of the revised version, Reece is sent to a state mental hospital, and in a chilling coda, he sends a letter to a person whose wife and child he has killed, asking the man to come and visit him. A final title card reveals that Reece is scheduled for a parole hearing in six months.

Cast

Influences

Charles Reece is a composite of several serial killers,[5] and primarily based on Richard Chase.[6]

The crimes that Reece commits are slightly different from Chase’s, however; Reece kills three women, a man and a young boy, whereas Chase killed two men, two women (one of whom was pregnant), a young boy and a 22-month-old baby. Additionally, Reece escapes at one point—which Chase did not do—murdering two guards and later a priest. However, Reece and Chase had a similar history of being institutionalized for mental illness prior to their murders, along with sharing a fascination with drinking blood and cutting open the organs of their victims. Reece wears a bright colored ski parka during his murders and walks into the houses of his victims, as did Chase. The two also share the same paranoia about being poisoned. When Reece is incarcerated, he refuses to eat the prison food since he believes it has been poisoned, which mirrors the behavior of Chase in prison. who tried to get the food he was being served tested since he thought it was poisoned.[7][8] Unlike with Reece in the 1992 cut, Chase was sentenced to death, but he was found dead in his prison cell, an apparent suicide, before the sentence could be carried out.[9][10] In the early 1990s, Friedkin said he changed this detail of Chase’s life in the second cut since having him be released from prison fitted better with the traditions of the United States.[11] In both versions of the film, Reece lives with his mother and has a job. When Chase’s crimes were being committed, he lived alone in an apartment and was unemployed. Reece’s father is also said to have died when he was a child, whereas Chase’s father was still alive when his crimes were being committed.

While Chase was noted for having an unkempt appearance and exhibiting traits of paranoid schizophrenia in public, the film’s makers intended to portray Reece as “quietly insane, not visually crazed.”[5] Alex McArthur said in 1992 that “Friedkin didn’t want me to play the guy as a raging maniac. We tried to illustrate the fact that many serial killers are clean-cut, ordinary appearing men who don’t look the part. They aren’t hideous monsters.”[5] To prepare for the role, Friedkin introduced McArthur to a psychiatrist who deals with schizophrenics. He showed McArthur video tapes of interviews with different serial killers and other schizoids.[5]

The incident where Reece goes on a rampage after escaping custody was inspired by a real-life event in Illinois, that occurred while the film was in production.[5] In this event, the killer painted his face silver, something which Reece also does.[5]

The film had a negative portrayal of courtroom experts, and this was personally motivated by Friedkin’s ongoing custody battle for his son, which he was having with his ex-wife.[12]

Soundtrack

The film’s score was composed, orchestrated, arranged and conducted by Ennio Morricone and was released on vinyl LP, cassette and compact disc by Virgin Records.[13]

Release

Rampage was filmed in late 1986 in Stockton, California, where it had a one day only fundraising premiere at the Stockton Royal Theaters in August 1987. It played at the Boston Film Festival in September 1987, and ran theatrically in some European countries in the late 1980s. Plans for the film’s theatrical release in America were shelved when production studio DEG, the distributor of Rampage, went bankrupt. The film was unreleased in North America for five years.[14] During that time, director Friedkin reedited the film, and changed the ending (with Reece no longer committing suicide in jail) before its US release in October 1992.[2][15] The European video versions usually feature the film’s original ending. The original cut of the film has a 1987 copyright date in the credits, while the later cut has a 1992 copyright date, and includes new distributor Miramax‘s logo at the beginning, instead of DEG’s. The original cut also has the standard disclaimer in the credits about the events and characters being fictitious, unlike the later cut, which has a customized disclaimer, mentioning that it was partly inspired by real events.

In retrospect, William Friedkin said: “At the time we made Rampage, [producer] Dino De Laurentiis was running out of money. He finally went bankrupt, after a long career as a producer. He was doing just scores of films and was unable to give any of them his real support and effort. And so literally by the time it came to release Rampage, he didn’t have the money to do it. And he was not only the financier, but the distributor. His company went bankrupt, and the film went to black for about five years. Eventually, the Weinsteins’ company Miramax took it out of bankruptcy and rereleased it. But this was among the lowest points in my career.”[16] There was a year long negotiation with Miramax, and a disappointing test screening of the original cut. The changes that Friedkin made with the 1992 cut addressed concerns from Miramax that the film was not coherent enough, in addition to addressing Friedkin’s changing stance towards the death penalty.[12] The 1992 cut included a previously unreleased scene of Reece buying a handgun at the beginning and lying about his history of mental illness (just as Richard Chase did), whereas the original cut begins with one of Reece’s murders, without explaining any of his background.

Regarding the five year gap between the film’s American release, McArthur said in 1992: “It was a weird experience. First it was coming out and then it wasn’t, back and forth. The fact that it was released at all is amazing.” McArthur added that: “I’ve changed a lot since that picture was made. I have three children now and I’m not sure I would play the part today. I certainly wouldn’t want my kids to see it.”[5]

In 1992, the film played at 175 theaters in the United States, grossing roughly half a million dollars against a budget of several million dollars. McArthur said in 1992 that the film was never intended to be a big commercial hit.[5]

Reception

The film received a polarized response.[17][18] Some critics ranked Rampage among Friedkin’s best work.[2] In his review, film critic Roger Ebert gave Rampage three stars out of four, saying: “This is not a movie about murder so much as a movie about insanity—as it applies to murder in modern American criminal courts…Friedkin[‘s] message is clear: Those who commit heinous crimes should pay for them, sane or insane. You kill somebody, you fry—unless the verdict is murky or there were extenuating circumstances.”[19] Gene Siskel opined the film needed more scenes in the courtroom.[20] Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the acting and commented: “Rampage has a no-frills, realistic look that serves its subject well, and it avoids an exploitative tone.”[21]

Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called the film “despicable”, saying that the “movie devolves into hateful propaganda” and “its muddled legal arguments come off as cover for a kind of righteous blood lust”.[22] Stephen King, an admirer of Rampage, wrote a letter to the magazine defending the film.[2]

Desson Howard of The Washington Post noted that in the film’s five year delay, there had been several high profile serial killer cases, saying: “In this Jeffrey Dahmer era, McArthur’s claims of unseen voices and delusions that he needed to replace his contaminated blood with others’ are familiar tabloid fare”, however, he noted that despite this, the film “still preserves a horrifying edge.”[23] In a separate 1992 review for The Washington Post, Richard Harrington had a more negative view, criticizing the film for feeling like a made for television feature, and claiming that it had a dated look to it due to its long delay.[24]

In retrospect, William Friedkin said: “There are a lot of people who [now] love Rampage, but I don’t think I hit my own mark with that”.[16] In another interview, Friedkin said he thought the film failed because audiences perceived it as being too serious, and they were expecting something different from him.[12]

In 2021, Patrick Jankiewicz of Fangoria wrote: “Half-serial killer thriller, half-courtroom drama, Rampage is an unnerving study on the nature of evil and what society should do about it.”[25]

Home media

Friedkin’s original cut featuring the alternate ending and some additional footage was released on LaserDisc in Japan only by Shochiku Home Video in 1990.[2]

The American edit of the film was released on LaserDisc in 1994 by Paramount Home Video.[2] The film received a DVD release by SPI International in Poland.[26]

Kino Lorber announced plans to release Rampage on Blu-ray in 4K UHD sometime in 2024.[27]

Bibliography

The Director:

From Wikipedia:

William David Friedkin (/ˈfriːdkɪn/; August 29, 1935 – August 7, 2023) was an American film, television and opera director, producer, and screenwriter who was closely identified with the “New Hollywood” movement of the 1970s.[1][2] Beginning his career in documentaries in the early 1960s, he is best known for his crime thriller film The French Connection (1971), which won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and the horror film The Exorcist (1973), which earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Director.

Friedkin’s other films in the 1970s and 1980s include the drama The Boys in the Band(1970), considered a milestone of queer cinema; the originally deprecated, now lauded thriller Sorcerer (1977); the crime comedy drama The Brink’s Job (1978); the controversial thriller Cruising (1980);[3][4] and the neo-noir thriller To Live and Die in L.A.(1985). Although Friedkin’s works suffered an overall commercial and critical decline in the late 1980s, his last three feature films, all based on plays, were positively received by critics: the psychological horror film Bug (2006), the crime film Killer Joe (2011), and the legal drama film The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial (2023), released two months after his death. He also worked extensively as an opera director from 1998 until his death, and directed various television films and series episodes for television.

Early life and education

Friedkin was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29, 1935, the son of Rachael (née Green) and Louis Friedkin. His father was a semi-professional softball player, merchant seaman, and men’s clothing salesman. His mother, whom Friedkin called “a saint,” was a nurse.[5][6] His parents were Jewish emigrants from Ukraine, in the Russian empire.[7]His grandparents, parents, and other relatives fled Russia during a particularly violent anti-Jewish pogrom in 1903.[8] Friedkin’s father was somewhat uninterested in making money, and the family was generally lower middle class while he was growing up. According to film historian Peter Biskind, “Friedkin viewed his father with a mixture of affection and contempt for not making more of himself.”[5]

After attending public schools in Chicago, Friedkin enrolled at Senn High School, where he played basketball well enough to consider turning professional.[9] He was not a serious student and barely received grades good enough to graduate,[10] which he did at the age of 16.[11] He said this was because of social promotion and not because he was bright.[12]

Friedkin began going to movies as a teenager,[9] and cited Citizen Kane as one of his key influences. Several sources claim that Friedkin saw this motion picture as a teenager,[13] but Friedkin himself said that he did not see the film until 1960, when he was 25 years old. Only then, Friedkin said, did he become a true cineaste.[14] Among the movies that he also saw as a teenager and young adult were Les DiaboliquesThe Wages of Fear (which many consider he remade as Sorcerer), and Psycho (which he viewed repeatedly, like Citizen Kane). Televised documentaries such as 1960’s Harvest of Shame were also important to his developing sense of cinema.[9]

Friedkin began working in the mail room at WGN-TV immediately after high school.[15] Within two years (at the age of 18),[16] he started his directorial career doing live television shows and documentaries.[17] His efforts included The People vs. Paul Crump(1962), which won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival and contributed to the commutation of Crump’s death sentence.[16][18] Its success helped Friedkin get a job with producer David L. Wolper.[16] He also made the football-themed documentary Mayhem on a Sunday Afternoon (1965).[19]

Career

1965–1979

As mentioned in his voice-over commentary on the DVD re-release of Alfred Hitchcock‘s Vertigo, Friedkin directed one of the last episodes of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour in 1965, called “Off Season”. Hitchcock admonished Friedkin for not wearing a tie while directing.[20]

Complete film.
Trailer.
Not a musical!
Trailer.

In 1965, Friedkin moved to Hollywood and two years later released his first feature film, Good Times starring Sonny and Cher. He has referred to the film as “unwatchable”.[21] Several other films followed: The Birthday Party, based on an unpublished screenplay by Harold Pinter, which he adapted from his own play; the musical comedy The Night They Raided Minsky’s, starring Jason Robards and Britt Ekland; and the adaptation of Mart Crowley‘s play The Boys in the Band.[22]

His next film, The French Connection, was released to wide critical acclaim in 1971. Shot in a gritty style more suited for documentaries than Hollywood features, the film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.[23] Friedkin’s next film was 1973’s The Exorcist, based on William Peter Blatty‘s best-selling novel, which revolutionized the horror genre and is considered by some critics to be one of the greatest horror movies of all time. The Exorcist was nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. It won for Best Screenplay and Best Sound. Following these two pictures, Friedkin, along with Francis Ford Coppola and Peter Bogdanovich, was deemed one of the premier directors of New Hollywood. In 1973, the trio announced the formation of an independent production company at Paramount PicturesThe Directors Company. Whereas Coppola directed The Conversation and Bogdanovich, the Henry James adaptation, Daisy Miller, Friedkin abruptly left the company, which was soon closed by Paramount.[24]

Friedkin on location for “Sorcerer.”
Sorcerer Trailer 1977

Friedkin’s later movies did not achieve the same success. Sorcerer (1977), a $22 million American remake of the French classic The Wages of Fear, co-produced by both Universal and Paramount, starring Roy Scheider, was overshadowed by the blockbuster box-office success of Star Wars, which had been released exactly one week prior.[23] Friedkin considered it his finest film, and was personally devastated by its financial and critical failure (as mentioned by Friedkin himself in the 1999 documentary series The Directors). Sorcerer was shortly followed by the crime-comedy The Brink’s Job (1978), based on the real-life Great Brink’s Robbery in Boston, Massachusetts, which was also unsuccessful at the box-office.[25]

1980–1999

In 1980, Friedkin directed an adaptation of the Gerald Walker crime thriller Cruising, starring Al Pacino, which was protested during production and remains the subject of heated debate. It was critically assailed but performed moderately at the box office.[26]

Trailer.

Friedkin had a heart attack on March 6, 1981, due to a genetic defect in his circumflex left coronary artery, and nearly died. He spent months in rehabilitation.[27] His next picture was 1983’s Deal of the Century, a satire about arms dealing starring Chevy ChaseGregory Hines, and Sigourney Weaver.

Trailer.

In 1985, Friedkin directed the music video for Barbra Streisand‘s rendition of the West Side Story song “Somewhere“,[28] which she recorded for her twenty-fourth studio LP, The Broadway Album. He later appears as Streisand’s interviewer (uncredited) on the television special, “Putting It Together: The Making of the Broadway Album”.[29]

Streisand signs “Somewhere.”
Barbra Streisand – Somewhere (Official Video)
Trailer.

The action/crime movie To Live and Die in L.A. (1985), starring William Petersen and Willem Dafoe, was a critical favorite and drew comparisons to Friedkin’s own The French Connection (particularly for its car chase sequence), while his courtroom drama/thriller Rampage (1987) received a fairly positive review from Roger Ebert.[30] He next directed the cult classic horror film The Guardian(1990) and the thriller Jade (1995), starring Linda Fiorentino. Though the latter received an unfavorable response from critics and audiences, he said it was one of the favorite films he directed.[31]

Friedkin directs Nick Nolte in the under appreciated basketball drama “Blue Chips.”
Blue Chips” trailer.
Jade” trailer.
Jade” suffered from the backlash against star David Caruso, who had the audacity (!) to leave his hit TV show, “NYPD Blue,” at the height of its popularity, seeking leading man status on the silver screen. The result of his short lived foray into big screen roles also included the excellent but overlooked pictures “Mad Dog & Glory” and “Kiss of Death,” both personal favourites of the period.
Brian De Palma favourite, Denis Franz (l), with Caruso, in the show that made him a star, NYPD Blue, which ruled the airwaves in the 90s.
Also under-appreciated in “Jade” is the small but crucial part played by redheaded supermodel Angie Everhart, who may have played a disproportionate role in why I loved the film so much as a 15-year-old in 1995.
Everhart in the Dennis Miller horror-comedy, “Tales From The Crypt Presents: Bordello of Blood.”
Everhart in modelling photo circa the filming of “Jade.”

*Before this post gets derailed into an Angie Everhart appreciation, we now return to Friedkin’s late-period career:

2000–2023

In 2000, The Exorcist was re-released in theaters with extra footage and grossed $40 million in the U.S. alone. Friedkin directed the 2006 film Bug due to a positive experience watching the stage version in 2004. He was surprised to find that he was, metaphorically, on the same page as the playwright and felt that he could relate well to the story.[32] The film won the FIPRESCI prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Later, Friedkin directed an episode of the TV series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation titled “Cockroaches”, which re-teamed him with To Live and Die in L.A. star William Petersen.[33] He directed again for CSI‘s 200th episode, “Mascara”.[34]

Trailer.

In 2011, Friedkin directed Killer Joe, a black comedy written by Tracy Letts based on Letts’ play, and starring Matthew McConaugheyEmile HirschJuno TempleGina Gershon, and Thomas Haden ChurchKiller Joe premiered at the 68th Venice International Film Festival, prior to its North American debut at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival. It opened in U.S. theaters in July 2012, to some favorable reviews from critics but did poorly at the box office, possibly because of its restrictive NC-17 rating. In April 2013, Friedkin published a memoir, The Friedkin Connection.[35] He was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the 70th Venice International Film Festival in September.[36] In 2017, Friedkin directed the documentary The Devil and Father Amorth about the ninth exorcism of a woman in the Italian village of Alatri.[37] In August 2022, it was announced officially that Friedkin would be returning to film directing to helm an adaptation of the two-act play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martialwith Kiefer Sutherland starring as Lt. Commander Queeg.[38] The film was completed before Friedkin’s death, and debuted in September 2023 in the out-of-competition category at the Venice Film Festival.[39]

Killer Joe” trailer.
Trailer.
Artwork for Friedkin’s remake.

Influences

Friedkin cited Jean-Luc GodardFederico FelliniFrançois Truffaut, and Akira Kurosawa as influences.[40] Friedkin named Woody Allen as “the greatest living filmmaker”.[41]

From left: Godard, Fellini, Kurosawa, Truffaut.
Woody Allen, before the controversies that would overshadow his film career.

In regard to influences of specific films on his films, Friedkin noted that The French Connection[‘s] documentary-like realism was the direct result of the influence of having seen Z, a French film by Costa-Gavras:

“Z” director, Costa Gavras.

After I saw Z, I realized how I could shoot The French Connection. Because he shot Z like a documentary. It was a fiction film but it was made like it was actually happening. Like the camera didn’t know what was gonna happen next. And that is an induced technique. It looks like he happened upon the scene and captured what was going on as you do in a documentary. My first films were documentaries too. So I understood what he was doing but I never thought you could do that in a feature at that time until I saw Z.[42]

Poster for Costa Gavras‘ “Z,” a major influence on Friedkin.
Z – 40th Anniversary Trailer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_tJ5N6pQcw

Personal life

Friedkin was married four times:

Friedkin with his 1st wife, French film icon Jeanne Moreau.

While filming The Boys in the Band in 1970, Friedkin began a relationship with Kitty Hawks, daughter of director Howard Hawks. It lasted two years, during which the couple announced their engagement, but the relationship ended about 1972.[51] Friedkin began a four-year relationship with Australian dancer and choreographer Jennifer Nairn-Smith in 1972. Although they announced an engagement twice, they never married. They had a son, Cedric, on November 27, 1976.[52][53] Friedkin and his second wife, Lesley-Anne Down, also had a son, Jack, born in 1982.[46] Friedkin was raised Jewish, but called himself an agnostic later in life, although he said that he strongly believed in the teachings of Jesus Christ.[54][55]

Death

Friedkin died from heart failure and pneumonia at his home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles on August 7, 2023.[6][56]

Work

Directing Linda Blair on the set of “The Exorcist.”

Film

Narrative films

YearTitleDirectorWriterProducerRef(s)
1967Good TimesYesUncreditedNo[57]
1968The Birthday PartyYesNoNo[58]
The Night They Raided Minsky’sYesNoNo[57]
1970The Boys in the BandYesNoNo[57]
1971The French ConnectionYesUncreditedNo[57]
1973The ExorcistYesNoNo[57]
1977SorcererYesUncreditedYes[57]
1978The Brink’s JobYesNoNo[57]
1980CruisingYesYesNo[57]
1983Deal of the CenturyYesNoNo[57]
1985To Live and Die in L.A.YesYesNo[57]
1987RampageYesYesYes[57]
1990The GuardianYesYesNo[57]
1994Blue ChipsYesNoNo[57]
1995JadeYesUncreditedNo[57]
2000Rules of EngagementYesNoNo[57]
2003The HuntedYesNoNo[57]
2006BugYesNoNo[57]
2011Killer JoeYesNoNo[57]
2023The Caine Mutiny Court-MartialYesYesNo[58]

Documentary films

YearTitleDirectorWriterProducerRef(s)
1962The People vs. Paul CrumpYesNoYes[57]
1965The Bold MenYesNoNo[57]
Mayhem on a Sunday AfternoonYesNoYes[59]
1966The Thin Blue LineYesStoryYes[57]
1975Fritz Lang Interviewed by William FriedkinYesNoNo[57]
1986Putting It Together: The Making of the Broadway AlbumUncreditedNoNo[57]
2007The Painter’s VoiceYesNoNo[60]
2017The Devil and Father AmorthYesYesNo[58]

Television

TV series

YearTitleEpisodeRef(s)
1965The Alfred Hitchcock Hour“Off Season” (S3 E29)[58]
1967The Pickle BrothersTV pilot (S1 E1)[57]
1985The Twilight ZoneNightcrawlers” (S1 E4c)[64]
1992Tales from the Crypt“On a Deadman’s Chest” (S4 E3)[58]
2007CSI: Crime Scene Investigation“Cockroaches” (S8 E9)[58]
2009“Mascara” (S9 E18)[58]

TV movies

YearTitleDirectorWriterExecutive
producer
Ref(s)
1986C.A.T. SquadYesNoYes[57]
1988C.A.T. Squad: Python WolfYesYesYes[57]
1994JailbreakersYesNoNo[57]
199712 Angry MenYesNoNo[58]

Stage

Operas

YearTitle and ComposerCountry / Opera HouseRef(s)
1998Wozzeck,
Alban Berg
Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre[65]
2002Duke Bluebeard’s Castle,
Béla Bartók
Los Angeles Opera[66][67]
Gianni Schicchi,
Giacomo Puccini
[66][67]
2003La damnation de Faust,
Hector Berlioz
[68]
2004Ariadne auf Naxos,
Richard Strauss
[69][67]
2005Samson and Delilah,
Camille Saint-Saëns
June, New Israeli Opera
October, Los Angeles Opera
[67]
Aida,
Giuseppe Verdi
Teatro Regio Torino[70][71]
2006Salome,
Richard Strauss
Bavarian State Opera[72]
Das Gehege,
Wolfgang Rihm
[73]
2008Il tabarro,
Giacomo Puccini
Los Angeles Opera[74]
Suor Angelica,
Giacomo Puccini
[74]
2011The Makropulos Case,
Leoš Janáček
Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre[75]
2012The Tales of Hoffmann,
Jacques Offenbach
Theater an der Wien[72]
2015Rigoletto,
Giuseppe Verdi
Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Theatre[76]

Bibliography

  • Friedkin, William. The Friedkin Connection: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN 978-0-06-177512-3
  • Friedkin, William. Conversations at the American Film Institute With the Great Moviemakers: The Next Generation. George Stevens, Jr., ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. ISBN 978-0-307-27347-5

The Friedkin Connection: A Memoir:

The Friedkin Connection by William Friedkin.

From the Amazon product page:

“’Friedkin’s book does the unthinkable: It relates the behind-the-scenes stories of his triumphs like The French Connection and The Exorcist, but also sees Friedkin take responsibility (brutally so) for his wrong calls. . . . In doing so, he captures the gut-wrenching shifts of a filmmaker’s life—the bizarre whipsaw from success to disaster.” —Variety

An acclaimed memoir from William Friedkin, a maverick of American cinema and Academy Award–winning director of such legendary films as The French ConnectionThe Exorcist, and To Live and Die in LA. The Friedkin Connection takes readers from the streets of Chicago to the suites of Hollywood and from the sixties to today, with autobiographical storytelling as fast-paced and intense as any of the auteur’s films.

Friedkin’s success story has the makings of classic American film. He was born in Chicago, the son of Russian immigrants. Immediately after high school, he found work in the mailroom of a local television station, and patiently worked his way into the directing booth during the heyday of live TV.

An award-winning documentary brought him attention as a talented new filmmaker and an advocate for justice, and it caught the eye of producer David L. Wolper, who brought Friedkin to Los Angeles. There he moved from television to film, displaying a versatile stylistic range. In 1971, The French Connection was released and won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and two years later The Exorcist received ten Oscar nominations and catapulted Friedkin’s career to stardom.

Penned by the director himself, The Friedkin Connection takes readers on a journey through the numerous chance encounters and unplanned occurrences that led a young man from a poor urban neighborhood to success in one of the most competitive industries and art forms in the world. In this fascinating and candid story, he has much to say about the world of moviemaking and his place within it.”

The Doc: “Friedkin Uncut”

Poster for the career-spanning Freidkin documentary.

Watch a trailer for the career-retrospective documentary “Friedkin Uncut” here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBLUKjrdH3M
Trailer.

Watch a long discussion with William Friedkin at the New York Film Academy here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLCvMA4KM1I
Friedkin at NYFA.
From the late director’s X (Twitter) account.

Film Posters:

Miramax re-release poster.
French theatrical poster.
1987 Japanese mini-flyer.
1987 Japanese mini-flyer.
U.S. poster.

Lobby Cards:

Home Video:

French VHS cover art.
1992 Canadian VHS re-release.
Reverse 1992 Paramount and Miramax VHS cover.

Ebert’s Take:


Still my favourite film lover, the late-great Roger Ebert.

“He is a pleasant-looking young man with a smile on his face…

…perhaps too bland a smile, as if he is not smiling about anything – as if the smile is a mask. He goes into a sports store to buy a gun, and makes small talk with the clerk, who apologizes that there is an obligatory waiting period. Hey, no problem! He comes back two days before Christmas to pick up his purchase, and then walks into a home and shoots people dead and carves out parts of their bodies with the precision of an experienced butcher.

The police, confronted by the murder scene, call it the work of a madman. A few days later, he strikes again, in broad daylight, walking into a home and butchering a woman while her helpless child looks on in terror. Nobody in his right mind could commit an act like this, without apparent motive or even with one. And yet the man, whose name is Charles Reece, is played by Alex McArthur as the kind of guy you’d see at a football game, or out washing his car. He doesn’t even make much of an attempt to evade discovery, wearing the same windbreaker to all of his crimes.

William Friedkin’s “Rampage” is based, the movie assures us, on a real story. We do not need the assurances. Serial killing is the crime of our times, and who knows what confluence of forces has led to these strange people who stare out at us from the covers of true crime paperbacks, their appearance as normal as their crimes are bizarre. Jeffrey Dahmer, a bystander said on television, looked like such a nice young man.

Chevy Chase (l) cannot believe what Ebert (c) is saying, but Siskell (r) is amused.

Friedkin tells the story of his killer more or less as a police procedural. We meet a cop (Michael Biehn) who tracks the killer, and then we see Reece captured by a simple means: He is identified by an eyewitness. Cornered at the gas station where he provides service with a smile, Reece leaps the back fence and runs away. The act of a reasonable man.

Eventually we see where Friedkin is going with the story.

This is not a movie about murder so much as a movie about insanity – as it applies to murder in modern American criminal courts. Friedkin plays with two decks and is happy to stack them both. His killer’s crimes are beyond our conception of possible human behavior, and then, in court, he is defended on the grounds that he must have been insane, and prosecuted on the grounds that he acted reasonably in so many other ways that he must have been sane. The difference between these two theories is the death penalty.

Friedkin does not quite say so in as many words, but his message is clear: Those who commit heinous crimes should pay for them, sane or insane. You kill somebody, you fry – unless the verdict is murky or there were extenuating circumstances. “Rampage” is not, however, a polemical film; it doesn’t press its points and doesn’t spend a lot of time on theory. It simply lays out the facts of a series of gruesome crimes, and then shows us how our gut feelings of good and evil grow confused after the testimony.

We are not much persuaded by the court arguments for either side. Friedkin wants it that way. Reece was sane, the prosecution argues, because he planned ahead to buy the gun and fled to avoid arrest. He was insane, the other side argues, because his crimes could not have been contemplated by a sane man. The prosecution offers an expert psychiatrist known as “Doctor Death” because of his invariable diagnosis of sanity. So it goes.

The film is realistic and matterof-fact, subdued compared to Friedkin’s great film of evil, “The Exorcist.” Alex McArthur, as the killer, is as unemotional and inoffensive as the protagonist of “Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer.” The movie was completed five years ago and then caught in the bankruptcy of the Dino De Laurentiis studio. Finally released, it has, if anything, benefited by the delay; five years ago, we would not have known how much Charles Reece resembles Jeffrey Dahmer, how little the face can reveal of the soul.”

Additional Links:

Watch the original 1987 VHS trailer for “Rampage” here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SwE6DXL3Ew
Original trailer.

Listen to Friedkin discussing his work with Morricone here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMA9QwtceiA
Friedkin on Morricone.

Read Giant Freakin Robot’s re-appreciation of “Rampage” here:

https://www.giantfreakinrobot.com/ent/rampage-80s-crime-thriller.html

Read Fangoria’s re-appreciation of “Rampage” here:

https://www.fangoria.com/rampage-retrospective/

Purchase and download William Friendkin’s memoir, “The Friedkin Connection” from Amazon and Audible here:

The paperback.
The audiobook.

Purchase a rare copy of the original screenplay for “Rampage” here:

https://www.abaa.org/book/1497898512

Download the film for free at wipfilms.net

Download “Rampage.”

References (The Film)

  1.  Knoedelseder Jr., William K. (August 30, 1987). “Producer’s Picture Darkens”. Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  2.  Kelley, Bill (December 6, 1992). “Delayed ‘Rampage’ a “New” Serial Killer Film is Actually a Re-Cut Version of a Movie Shelved for Six Years”Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  3.  Rampage at Box Office Mojo
  4.  Liebenson, Donald (June 18, 1993). “But Soft, Friedkin Speaks”Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  5.  “Alex McArthur starred in ‘Rampage’ five years ago and… – UPI Archives”.
  6.  “The Vampire of Sacramento Richard Trenton Chase”Haunted America Tours. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
  7.  Sullivan, Kevin (2012). Vampire: The Richard Chase Murders. WildBlue Press. ISBN 978-1942266112.
  8.  Ressler, Robert; Thomas Schachtman (1992). Whoever Fights Monsters: My Twenty Years Tracking Serial Killers for the FBI(First ed.). St. Martin’s. p. 14ISBN 0-312-07883-8.
  9.  “Richard Trenton Chase – Crime Library”truTV.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  10.  Friedkin 2013, pp. 396–401.
  11.  Friedkin, William
  12.  Horn, D. C. (2023). The Lost Decade: Altman, Coppola, Friedkin and the Hollywood Renaissance Auteur in the 1980s. United States: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  13.  “Ennio Morricone – Rampage (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)”Discogs. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  14.  “Friedkin vs. Friedkin: RAMPAGE Revisited”. Video Watchdog. No. 13. September 1992. p. 36.
  15.  Friedkin 2013, pp. 400–401.
  16.  Ebiri, Bilge (May 3, 2013). “Director William Friedkin on Rising and Falling and Rising in the Film Industry”VultureArchived from the original on May 5, 2013.
  17.  Dry, Sarah C. (October 29, 2002). “AN EYE FOR AN EYE: “Rampage” Shows the Horror of Murder”The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  18.  Terry, Clifford (October 30, 1992). “From mad to worse”Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  19.  Ebert, Roger (October 30, 1992). “Rampage”Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via RogerEbert.com.
  20.  Siskel, Gene (October 30, 1992). “Friedkin’s ‘Rampage’ Skims Surface of Provocative Subject”Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  21.  Maslin, Janet (October 30, 1992). “Review/Film; Random Murder Spree In a Friedkin Thriller”The New York Times. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  22.  Gleiberman, Owen (November 6, 1992). “Rampage (1992)”Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  23.  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/rampagerhowe_a0af2c.htm [bare URL]
  24.  https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/rampagerharrington_a0ab4d.htm [bare URL]
  25.  Jankiewicz, Patrick (April 28, 2021). “William Friedkin’s RAMPAGE: How An Underrated Modern Serial Killer Thriller Was Lost And Found”Fangoria. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  26.  “Rampage (DVD) Michael Biehn McArthur William Friedkin PL IMPORT”Amazon. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  27.  Hamman, Cody (December 28, 2023). “Rampage: William Friedkin serial killer thriller is getting a 4K UHD release”JoBlo.com. Retrieved December 30, 2023.

References (Friedkin)

  1.  “The American New Wave: A Retrospective | H-Announce | H-Net”networks.h-net.org. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  2.  “June 1977: When New Hollywood Got Weird”The Film Stage. June 21, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  3.  “The Controversy of CRUISING | Cinematheque”cinema.wisc.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  4.  Guthmann, Edward (1980). “THE CRUISING CONTROVERSY: William Friedkin vs. the Gay Community”. Cinéaste10 (3): 2–8. JSTOR 41685938.
  5.  Biskind, p. 200.
  6.  Bahr, Lindsey (August 7, 2023). “William Friedkin, Oscar-winning director of ‘The Exorcist’ and ‘The French Connection,’ dead at 87”AP News. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  7.  Pfefferman, Naomi. “‘Killer Joe’s’ William Friedkin: ‘I Could Have Been a Very Violent Person’.” Jewish Journal. August 2, 2012.Archived August 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed April 29, 2013.
  8.  Friedkin, The Friedkin Connection, p. 1.
  9.  Biskind, p. 201.
  10.  Segaloff, p. 25.
  11.  Wakeman, p. 372.
  12.  Friedkin, Conversations at the American Film Institute…, p. 186.
  13.  Emery, p. 237; Claggett, p. 3.
  14.  Friedkin, The Friedkin Connection, p. 9.
  15.  Stevens, p. 184.
  16.  Walker and Johnson, p. 15.
  17.  Derry, p. 361; Edmonds and Mimura, p. 211.
  18.  Hamm, p. 86-87.
  19.  Charles Champlin, “Friedkin Damns the Torpedoes”, The Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1967. Retrieved via Newspapers.com.
  20.  “Vertigo: The Legacy Series” Universal, 2008
  21.  The Directors: William Friedkin
  22.  Friedkin, William (2008). The Boys in the Band (Interview)(DVD). CBS Television DistributionASIN B001CQONPE. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  23.  Lee, Benjamin (August 7, 2023). “William Friedkin, director of The Exorcist and The French Connection, dies at 87”The GuardianISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  24.  Bart, Peter (May 9, 2011). Infamous Players: A Tale of Movies, the Mob, (and Sex). Weinstein Books.
  25.  Knoedelseder, William (August 30, 1987). “De Laurentiis: Producer’s Picture Darkens”Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  26.  Segaloff, Nat (January 1, 1990). Hurricane Billy: The Stormy Life and Films of William Friedkin. New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 9780688078522.
  27.  Biskind, p. 413.
  28.  Howe, Matthew (2023). “Streisand Music Videos – “Somewhere” (1985)”Barbra Archives. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  29.  Howe, Matthew. “Streisand/Television – “Putting It Together: The Making Of The Broadway Album” (1986)”Barbra Archives. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  30.  Ebert, Roger (October 30, 1992). “Rampage”. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  31.  William, Linda Ruth (2005). The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary CinemaIndiana University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-253-21836-5.
  32.  “EXCL: Bug Director William Friedkin”. May 18, 2007.
  33.  Dimond, Anna (January 28, 2008). “CSI Exclusive: The Secrets Behind This Week’s Repeat”TV GuideArchived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  34.  Chamberlin, James (April 3, 2009). “CSI: “Mascara” Review”IGN. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  35.  Friedkin, William. The Friedkin Connection: A Memoir. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.
  36.  “William Friedkin to receive Venice honour”BBC News. May 2, 2013.
  37.  Friedkin, William (October 31, 2016). “The Devil and Father Amorth: Witnessing “the Vatican Exorcist” at Work”Vanity Fair.
  38.  Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 29, 2022). “William Friedkin Directing Kiefer Sutherland In Update Of Herman Wouk’s ‘The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial’ For Showtime & Paramount Global”Deadline Hollywood.
  39.  Buchanan, Kyle (August 7, 2023). “William Friedkin’s Final Film to Premiere at the Venice Film Festival”The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  40.  Mike Fleming Jr (August 6, 2015). “William Friedkin Q&A: ’70s Maverick Revisits A Golden Era With Tales Of Glory And Reckless Abandon”Deadline. Deadline Hollywood, LLC. Retrieved September 14, 2022. Friedkin: “…. But none of us in the 70s thought we were operating in a golden age; we all had been influenced by Godard, Fellini, Truffaut, Kurosawa.”
  41.  “William Friedkin on Woody Allen”Youtube. May 21, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
  42.  “William Friedkin’s Favorite Films of all Time”Fade In Magazine. June 12, 2013. Retrieved January 20, 2022 – via YouTube.
  43.  Martin, Judith. “Personalities.” Washington Post. February 9, 1977, p. B3.
  44.  “Filing for Divorce.” Newsweek. June 25, 1979, p. 99.
  45.  Sanders, Richard. “Director Billy Friedkin and Lesley-Anne Down Make a Home Movie-Divorce Hollywood Style.” People.September 2, 1985. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  46.  “Names in the News.” Associated Press. August 15, 1985.
  47.  “Director William Friedkin Marries News Anchor Kelly Lange.” Ocala Star-Banner. July 29, 1987, p. 2A. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  48.  Ryon, Ruth. “Still Anchored in the Hills.” Los Angeles Times.May 31, 1992. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  49.  Anderson, Susan Heller. “Chronicle.” New York Times. July 11, 1991. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  50.  Teetor, Paul. “‘The Exorcist’ Director William Friedkin Tells All in His No-Bullshit Memoir.” Los Angeles Times. April 11, 2013.Archived April 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Accessed April 29, 2013.
  51.  Segaloff, p. 98.
  52.  (* 1976) “William Friedkin – Biography”Movies.Yahoo.com. 2013. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  53.  “Failing Better Every Time.”Sunday Independent. July 1, 2012.
  54.  The Exorcist & The French Connection Dir. William Friedkin on Religion, Crime & Film on YouTube
  55.  Brent Lang (April 12, 2013). “Director William Friedkin on Clashes With Pacino, Hackman and Why an Atheist Couldn’t Helm ‘Exorcist'”The Wrap. Retrieved October 4, 2020. My personal beliefs are defined as agnostic. I’m someone who believes that the power of God and the soul are unknowable, but that anybody who says there is no God is not being honest about the mystery of fate. I was raised in the Jewish faith, but I strongly believe in the teachings of Jesus.
  56.  Dagan, Carmel (August 7, 2023). “William Friedkin, ‘The Exorcist’ Director, Dies at 87”. Variety. Retrieved August 7,2023.
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  129.  Sneider, Jeff (May 2, 2012). “Demian Bichir lines up pair of projects”Variety. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
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Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Revolver” (1973)

Spanish theatrical poster.
The Maestro around the time he composed the score for “Revolver.”
“Revolver” stars Oliver Reed, Fabio Testi, and their excellent coats.

The Album:

Not to be confused with Guy Ritchie’s film of the same name, most people will be familiar with Morricone’s excellent 1973 score for director Sergio Sollima’s poliziottescoRevolver” through the standout track “Un Amico,” which Quentin Tarantino repurposed for his 2009 WWII opus, Inglourious Basterds.

Morricone-super-fan, Quentin Tarantino.
Tarantino’s “sound of war.”

Other Editions:

Original 1973 Italian pressing.
1977 Japanese pressing.
1995 German CD release.
German CD back cover.
2006 Italian CD re-issue.

The Film:

Synopsis from MoMA’s Ennio Morricone Film Series:

Revolver” at the Moma.

Revolver. 1973. Italy/West Germany/France. Directed by Sergio Sollima. Screenplay by Dino Maiuri, Massimo De Rita, Sollima. With Oliver Reed, Fabio Testi, Agostina Belli, Paola Pitagora. In Italian; English subtitles. DCP. 111 min.

An Italian resistance fighter during World War II, Sergio Solima wrote and directed some of the most socially conscious Spaghetti Westerns The Big Gundown and political crime thrillers, or poliziotteschi, of the 1960s and ’70s. Revolver is a gripping example of the latter, the bitterly cynical story of a deputy prison warden (Oliver Reed) who becomes a pawn in a shadowy conspiracy when his wife is kidnapped by the mob and he’s forced to ally with a convict (Fabio Testi). The film boasts one of Ennio Morricone’s most propulsive scores, anticipating that of Brian De Palma’s The Untouchables. Quentin Tarantino, a giddy fan both of Solima and Morricone, quoted the beautiful “Un amico” for the climax of his Inglourious Basterds, the song that seems to capture a lover’s—or a criminal’s—inclination to hope against hope.”

Reed reaches out to touch someone.

Blu-ray review from cineoutsider.com:

Partners in crime

Oliver Reed is at his restrained best as a prison warden forced to facilitate a jailbreak in order to save his wife in REVOLVER, Sergio Sollima’s rivetingly handled 1973 crime drama. Slarek explores the film on Eureka’s new Blu-ray, and adds another favourite to an increasingly long list.

How’s this for a pre-title sequence? In the darkest of dark Italian nights, the sound of hurried footsteps and exhausted panting is revealed to belong to two men, one of whom is nursing a serious stomach wound and being helped along by his concerned companion. As they reach a row of parked cars, they pause and steal one of them, then speed off into the night to the sound of approaching sirens. As dawn breaks, the car stops at an isolated spot beside a river, and the driver helps his injured cohort out and onto the riverbank, where he bemoans the fact that he came all the way to Italy to be killed by a night watchman. Realising that his injury will soon prove fatal, the wounded man makes his companion promise not to let his body end up on an autopsy table at a morgue. Moments later, he dies, and the man that we by now know is a close and devoted friend mourns his loss with a farewell kiss. Then, as the opening titles unfold, he digs a hole by the riverside and buries his friend with the gun that probably led to his death. And so begins the 1973 Italian poliziotteschi Revolver, and I’m sure I’m not the only one who suspects an influence on the post-title scene of Reservoir Dogs.*If the above wasn’t enough to grab your attention – and it certainly did mine – then worry not, because the intrigue doesn’t stop there. In the next scene, wealthy oil magnate Harmakolos (Jean de Grave) walks out of his plush Parisian hotel and opts to walk instead of taking their car as suggested, dismisses his aide’s concerns about the recent threats to his life. He’s only a few hundred metres from the hotel when a motorcycle rider pulls up and shoots him dead. Elsewhere in the city, popular singer Al Niko (Daniel Beretta) is cheerfully batting away questions from the press about what his connection could be to this assassination as he arrives at police headquarters. Once inside the office on an unnamed Inspector (Marc Mazza), he is shown the wreck of a motorbike, which he recognises as one he bought a couple of years ago and gave to a former friend named Jean-Daniel Auger. It turns out that Jean-Daniel once worked for Harmakolos as his bodyguard and made threats against him after he was fired, and this was the bike ridden by his assassin. The vehicle and the mangled body of its rider were discovered on an unmanned level crossing in Jean-Daniel’s home town of Lyon, and a trip to the morgue sees Niko confirm that the body of the rider is indeed Jean-Daniel. To the Inspector’s coolly expressed relief, the Harmakolos case is thus officially closed.

Over in Italy, a well-dressed Frenchman (Frédéric de Pasquale) disembarks from his flight and is met outside the airport by two taciturn men in a black Mercedes – only later do we discover that the man has flown in from Paris, and that his name is Michel Granier. The purpose for his visit is not yet clear. Meanwhile, on a platform at the central Milan railway station, two Sicilians (Giovanni Pallavicino and Bernard Giraudeau) are approached and offered work by a dodgy-looking tout (Vittorio Pinelli). One of the men takes the tout’s card, looks briefly at it and hands it back. “No,” he says gruffly, “Got work.” Elsewhere in the same city, a woman visible only from the knees down takes off her shoes and steps onto the feet of a man, who begins walking down an apartment hallway, carrying her as he goes, as the two kiss and items of clothing fall to the floor. Eventually, these intimately entwined appendages are revealed to belong to Vito Cipriani (Oliver Reed) and his young wife Anna (Agostina Belli), who are clearly very much in love. We learn that Vito is a warden of the city’s prison when he is called into work the following morning in order to talk a crazed prisoner out of stabbing himself. When he arrives home with flowers of apology later, however, the apartment is empty and a phone call confirms that Anna has been kidnapped. If Vito wants to see her alive again, he’s assured, he must arrange the escape of an inmate named Milo Ruiz (Fabio Testi). It’s only when Vito asks to be taken to Milo’s cell that we discover he’s the man who buried his friend by the riverside in the opening sequence.

A lot of story threads are spun in these opening scenes, and while it is perfectly possible to draw a logical if speculative line of connection between them, not all is what it seems. Indeed, one of the many strengths of Revolver is its ability to continually surprise newcomers and catch them out. With that in mind, if you want to avoid having any of them spoilt even a little bit, then I’d skip the next paragraph, and eve n then proceed with a degree of caution, as it’s nigh on impossible to discuss the film in any more detail than I already have without giving a few things away. That said, I promise to keep the reveals to a minimum and avoid being explicit on later developments.

The first surprise comes when Vito follows a tip from Milo’s cellmate (Sal Borgese) and walks in on sleazy but wealthy criminal kingpin Grappa (Peter Berling). The expectation – my expectation –was that Grappa would get bolshy and the desperate Vito would lose his cool and smack the required information out of him. Instead, after a small bout of self-congratulatory verbal sparring, Grappa is fully cooperative and tells Vito what he knows without fuss, resistance or a hint of irritation, and Vito accepts that what he’s saying the truth and even offers him a small nod of appreciation. The second surprise comes when Vito returns to the jail and has Milo brought to his office, where he sets about viciously beating him about the face. On the surface this is an expression of his anger and frustration, but his actions are then revealed to have a secondary purpose, with the essentially superficial injuries inflicted on Milo providing a reason for him to be moved to the prison hospital, from where, Vito tells him, he will be able to affect his escape. This he does in a process that is lengthy enough to feel plausible, but Milo has only just hit the streets when a car screeches up beside him in a car and he’s ordered to get in at gunpoint by Vito. This gameplaying with expectations and genre convention sets the scene for a plot that rarely follows the predicted path. Thus, a colleague of Vito’s whose arrival looks set to expose his wrongdoing becomes an unexpected ally, a switch of fortune for both Vito and Milo is cancelled out by a surprise rebalancing of their relationship, and even the true reasons for Milo’s forced release prove to be more sinister than they initially seem.

That trademark Oliver Reed (nostril) flare.

The foundations are laid by a smartly constructed script by director Sollima, Arduino Maiuri and Massimo De Rita, and Sollima’s direction is tight, economic and purposeful, never flashy and always in service of the story and characters. Action scenes are rationed, but when they come they are blisteringly handled, their urgency enhanced by their sharp sense of realism, cinematographer Aldo Scavarda’s immaculate camera placement, and Sergio Montanari’s breathless editing. Adding a further layer of class is a typically fine score by Italian maestro Enno Morricone, one that hits all the right emotional buttons without overplaying them, and at one point feels like a trial run for the main theme of the composer’s score for The Untouchables (1987).

An amused Fabio Testi.

Even more crucial to audience engagement are the performances, the best of which comes from a top-of-form Oliver Reed, albeit with a small but curious caveat. As was often the way with Italian films of the period, particularly those with international casts, all of the dialogue was post-dubbed. And while there’s not a hint of mismatch between Reed’s on-screen delivery and his redubbing of his own voice, for reasons that no-one seems to be able to clarify, he elected to do the whole thing with an imperfect American accent. Given that his character name is Vito Cipriani and that he is a former police detective, we can assume that he is meant to be native Italian rather than Italian-American, and as all of the film’s dialogue was delivered in English with an eye on sales to the American market, for the life of me I can’t work out why he didn’t stick to his usual precise English delivery. The thing is, although this does initially feel a little odd, Reed is so bloody good in all other respects that after just a couple of minutes it ceases to matter. Everything else about his performance is sublime, peaking when he is visibly wrestling to keep his true feelings from exploding, and as so often with Reed, the potential for extreme violence can always be seen bubbling just beneath the surface. It’s a masterclass in restraint and emotional control, and up there with Reed’s very finest work on film. As Milo, Fabio Testi proves he’s more than just a handsome face, balancing the character’s cocky disposition with his increasing commitment to a cause he has been unwittingly recruited to help serve. Frédéric de Pasquale (who the two years previously played drug-smuggling TV personality Henri Devereaux in The French Connection) is appropriate unflustered as gangland middle-manager Michel Granier, and Paola Pitagora has a strong role as politically convicted people trafficker Carlotta. The supporting cast is also peppered with the sort of faces you only seem to find in European and East European cinema, providing the film with thugs who look and behave like the real deal, memorably when the Sicilians track down a potential witness and convincingly arrange his subsequent death to look like an accident.

I came to the cinema of Sergio Sollima via his superb 1967 western, Face to Face [Faccia a facia], and while Revolver is a very different work, it does share some of that film’s central themes. In both, two individuals with opposing moral values find themselves switching position over the course of the story, and like Face to FaceRevolver later moves into the area of political commentary, questioning the power structure of a system that protects the wealthy and is able to arrange the disposal of inconvenient elements of what it regards as the lower order. The result is a compellingly structured, impeccably directed, splendidly scored, and powerfully acted gem of Italian crime cinema, and one of the best films I’ve watched so far this year. It also pulls that rare trick of keeping you guessing right up to the final scene. Even the title is not what it initially seems, being a type of gun not used by the central protagonist, and likely instead intended to be read as a commentary on the transformative journey that Vito and his initially unwilling companion undertake over the course of the story.
sound and vision

Sourced from a new 4K restoration (that’s all the detail I have on this one), the 1080p transfer of Revolver on this Eureka Blu-ray is seriously impressive in all respects. Detail is very clearly defined, and the contrast is nicely balanced, nailing the black levels without crushing the shadows. The colour palette has a very slightly muted feel with a slight greenish hue, all of which look right for the film’s downbeat tone and very nicely captured by this transfer. The image is very clean, with no trace of dirt or damage, and a fine film grain is visible. Very nice.


Revolver was shot with the actors delivering their lines in English and their dialogue redubbed in post-production, and here you have the option to watch the film with either the English or Italian language tracks, both of which are Linear PCM 2.0 mono. The dynamic range is a little restricted on both – there are no deep bass thumps or rumbles here – and while voices seems to have slightly more breadth on the Italian track, they also sometimes have a more dubbed feel. Morricone’s music is of similar quality on both tracks, but differs during the opening titles, with the orchestral title theme of the English track turned into a song on the Italian track.


Optional English subtitles for the deaf and hearing impaired are available for the English language track, and a second set of optional English language subtitles kick in automatically if you select the Italian language track. Both seem fine, but there is a small omission here, at least on the review disc (it may be adjusted on the release disc). At one point, Vito reads a note written in Italian, and at another the Inspector looks down at a newspaper headline written in French. If you watch the film with the Italian soundtrack, the subtitles offer English translations of both. If you watch the film with the English language track, however, even with the hearing impaired subtitles enabled, no such translations are provided. Fortunately, it’s just a matter of switching between the subtitle tracks if your French or Italian are as weak as mine, and you don’t need to read either to understand what’s going on. It’s also worth noting (again, we’re talking review disc here) that there is no option on the menu to activate hearing impaired subs, but they can be switched on using the disc player’s remote control.


Special Features

Audio Commentary by Barry Forshaw and Kim Newman
Author of Italian Cinema: Arthouse to Exploitation, and a ton of others, joins author, critic and genre commentary favourite Kim Newman to explore a film that they were both impressed by and rate above the poliziotteschi norm. Individual scenes and plot turns are discussed, as is Ennio Morricone’s score, and the work on this film and others of director Sergio Sollima, particularly his 1970 Violent City [Città violenta] (for which there are spoilers). They opine that Fabio Testi was an actor with a limited range but what he could do he did well, and praise the rare depth and strength (at least for this genre) of the Carlotta character played by Paola Pitagora. But the lion’s share of the discussion is focussed on Oliver Reed, whose performance here both men rank as one of his best, and whose work on this and other key films in his career is covered in considerable detail. There’s a lot more discussed here, all of it compelling and acutely observed, and these two really know their Italian crime cinema.

Stephen Thrower on ‘Revolver’ (21:59)
Nightmare USA author Stephen Thrower examines the work of director Sergio Sollima, with particular focus on Revolver, though also covers the director’s segment in the multi-story L’amore difficile (1962), and his westerns The Big Gundown [La resa dei conti] (1966) and Face to Face [Faccia a facia] (1967). Like Forshaw and Newman above, he’s full of praise for the film, for Sollima’s skilled direction, and for Oliver Reed’s central performance. Like them, he’s also confused by the decision to have Reed play the whole thing with a not completely convincing American accent, but argues that the story and the acting are so good that you soon forget about it, a point on which I am in complete agreement.

Tough Girl (10:21)
Actor Paola Pitagora, who plays Carlotta, recalls working with Oliver Reed, who was an idol of hers but used to start drinking early on in the morning, which sometimes caused problems on set, though she does note that he was always top-notch on camera. She intriguingly describes Sergio Sollima as “a war machine,” as someone who was focussed and meticulous but also funny, and Fabio Testi as gorgeous, very enthusiastic, and focussed on his role. She praises the film scores of Ennio Morricone, though admits her admiration for the composer was soured a little by his claim that women all belonged in the kitchen, and has a revealing story about how Reed’s drinking ultimately cut short her role in the film. She also opines that for her, at least as an audience member, genre cinema begins and ends with Thomas Milian.

Action Man (17:07)
An archival interview with actor Fabio Testi, shot in June of 2006 and redressed with new opening titles and credits for this release, and the remastering of what looks like analogue video to HD. Testi looks back at how his work as a stuntman eventually led to him being cast – and doing all of the stunts – in Demofilo Fidani’s 1968 western, And Now… Make Your Peace with God [Ed ora… raccomanda l’anima a Dio!], and how this prompted him to enrol in acting school and embark on a successful career in films and theatre. He manages to top Paola Pitagora’s description of Sergio Sollima with his claim that “he works like a martial artist, every shot is like a sabre blow,” notes how Italian cinema lost its political edge after the arrival of commercial television and a slew of American imports, and remarks that it’s  nice that people remember him despite his age, which would have been 64 when this interview was shot. And he still looks damned good here. 

English Credits (6:23)
When you select to watch the English language version of the feature, the credits are in the original Italian, so the opening and closing credits of the English language version have been included as an extra.

Original Theatrical Trailer (3:40)
A trailer that really pushes the film’s crime thriller credentials, and employs a trick later favoured by American distributors to sell non-English language films to a potentially subtitle-averse audience by including no audible dialogue – characters speak, but all we hear is Morricone’s score and a few gunshots.

International Trailer (1:15)
Sold here under its original American title of Blood on the Streets, the US trailer sports a seriously toned but hyperbolic narration that includes the news that the film stars “Oliver Reed in a performance that makes Charles Bronson’s Death Wish look like…wishful thinking,” which I have no problem with at all.

Radio Spots (1:33)
Two radio spots pushing the American release, the second considerably longer than the first and both proclaiming that “This is a story of a day all the guns went off.” Er, not quite.
Also included with the release version is a Limited Edition Collector’s Bookletfeaturing two new essays by author Howard Hughes – one covering the background to the making of Revolver – and an extensive piece on Ennio Morricone’s ‘Eurocrime’ soundtracks, but this was not available for review.

Summary
A tightly directed and terrific poliziotteschi that is more thoughtful and restrained than the genre norm, and boasts an excellent performance by Oliver Reed, despite the enduring mystery of that American accent. As is noted in the commentary, it seems likely that the film was at the very least an unconscious influence on the likes of 48Hrs and Midnight Run, but it absolutely holds its own as a compellingly handled and impressively unpredictable crime thriller almost 50 years after it was made. Eureka’s Blu-ray spots a first-rate transfer and some fine special features, including an excellent commentary track. Highly recommended.

The Director:

Italian director Sergio Sollima.
Sollima’s screen credit.

Sergio Sollima (17 April 1921 – 1 July 2015) was an Italian film director and script writer.

A young Sollima.

Biography

Sollima graduated from the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in 1935. During World War II he was in the Italian Resistance.[1]

Sollima (r) with his “Faccia a Faccia” stars Gian Maria Volonte (l) and Tomas Milian (c).

After the war, he gradually progressed from working as a film critic to screenwriting to becoming a director[2] Like many Italian cult directors, Sollima started his career as a screenwriter in the 1950s and wrote many peplum films in the 1960s. He made his directing debut doing one of the four sequences in the anthology film Of Wayward Love. Sollima filmed three Eurospy films and then moved to spaghetti westernsThe Big Gundown (starring Lee Van Cleef and Tomas Milian) was released in 1966 with big success, despite the fact that it had to compete with Sergio Leone‘s The Good, the Bad and the Ugly and Sergio Corbucci‘s Django. Sollima soon filmed two more westerns. Face to Face (Milian and Gian Maria Volonté) was released in 1967 and Run, Man, Run! (Milian) in 1968. Although Sollima directed only three westerns and they never reached the level of popularity as the ones by the other Sergios (Leone and Corbucci), each of them is highly regarded among genre enthusiasts.

In 1970, Sollima switched genres again and directed the Charles Bronson and Telly Savalas starred Violent City, which was one of the first violent and fast-paced Italian crime films often known as poliziotteschi. Like for all of his westerns, the soundtrack was provided by Ennio Morricone. Sollima’s last well-known film is Revolver, a poliziotteschi film starring Oliver Reed and Fabio Testi.

Sollima directed the six-part Italian TV series Sandokan starring Kabir Bedi with several feature films spun off the series.

Selected filmography

References

  1.  p. 93 Fisher, Austin Radical Frontiers in the Spaghetti Western: Politics, Violence and Popular Italian Cinema I.B.Tauris, 6 Feb 2014
  2.  Vivarelli, Nick (3 July 2015). “Sergio Sollima, Italian Director Best Known Internationally For Spaghetti Westerns, Dies at 94”Variety. Retrieved 6 April 2019.

Posters:

German poster. Also includes the alternate English title “Blood In The Streets.”
Nikos Bogris’ alternative poster.
Original Italian lobby card.

Links:

Purchase a copy of the vinyl at Discogs here:

“Revolver” on Discogs.

Watch the trailer from Eureka Classics here:

REVOLVER (Eureka Classics) New & Exclusive Trailer
REVOLVER (Eureka Classics) New & Exclusive Trailer

If you’re in the Toronto area, stop in and say hi to my Filmography podcast co-host, at “the last great video store,” Bay Street Video, and find a copy of “Revolver” in store, or if outside of Toronto, online here:

https://baystreetvideo.com/title.php?page=1&title=Revolver

Watch the film for free here:

Revolver (1973) di Sergio Sollima (film completo ITA)
Revolver (1973) di Sergio Sollima (film completo ITA)

Purchase the film on Amazon here:

https://www.amazon.ca/Revolver-Oliver-Reed/dp/B000096IA3

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Hornet’s Nest” (1970)

The Album:

Jonathan Broxton’s review from moviemusicuk.us

https://moviemusicuk.us/2021/02/07/ennio-morricone-reviews-part-ix/

Other Editions:

From the Quartet Records’ CD booklet:

The Film:

Brian Hannan’s review for themagnificent60s.com:

“Given exceedingly short shrift in its day. Viewed as in exceptionally poor taste. Marketed in some respects as Lord of the Flies Meets The Dirty Dozen. Audiences accepting of kids putting on a show or, the modern equivalent, making a movie, not so keen on youngsters going to war. In any case there’s an inbuilt repugnance as you get the distinct impression some of these kids would have been ideal recruits for Hitler Youth or the Mussolini version.  And Italy, one-time ally of Hitler, becoming suddenly heroic seemed to jibe. Not to mention Rock Hudson’s marquee value fading fast after a gigantic turkey called Darling Lili (1969). Despite some distinctly unsavory aspects, bordering on exploitation, this seems enormously underrated, not just as an actioner, but for a raw depiction of war, far more realistic than many in the genre that toplined on violence.

Sure, it’s an odd concept, Italian kids, in the absence of adults, turned into a fighting force by dint of letting loose their innate venality and savagery. But they’ve not been washed up, adult-free, on a desert island. This small bunch have been orphaned and bloodily. Germans on the hunt for local partisans execute an entire village and then, finding a quisling, proceed to massacre the local resistance and for good measure destroy a team of American parachutists dropped into the area to facilitate the Allied advance.

The kids come across the one survivor, Turner (Rock Hudson), hide him from the enemy and dupe German doctor Bianca (Sylva Koscina), sympathetic to the plight of the innocent, into caring for the wounded soldier. Rather than hang around and accept the ministrations of such a beauty and see out the war with a view to possible romance, Turner is intent on single-handedly completing his mission of blowing up a dam.

Given the kids have amassed a secret armory and are trigger-happy, desperate to avenge their parents, and getting down to the gung-ho aspects of war, Turner, with appalling disregard for their safety, decides to commandeer them for his own unit. Bianca objects and watches with horror and for most of the rest of the picture confines herself to the pair too young to be considered combatants and who reek of desolation or to find ways of killing Turner or betraying him to the Germans.

Meanwhile, the kids have their own ruthless leader, Aldo (Mark Colleano), one part John Wayne, one part the creepy Maggott (Telly Savalas in case you’ve forgotten) from The Dirty Dozen, who objects to taking orders. Training consists of little more than a bit of marching in file and learning how to quickly reload a machine gun. Turner’s clever plan is to use their perceived innocence to distract the Germans guarding the dam. The distraught Bianca, stepping out of line once too often, is raped for her trouble.

Oddly enough, Koscina does take a machine gun to the Germans, which you would have thought would be catnip to the marketeers, but that image is excluded from the poster.

Setting aside all audience misgivings about the premise and the sexual undertones, the mission is very well done, plenty tension, a workable plan, and the eventual dam-burst impressive on the budget.

But the misgivings are not glossed over. There’s a dicey moment when it looks as if the kids, crawling all over the nurse, tearing off her clothes, are about to embark on mass juvenile rape. And the bloodlust will only be slaked when, by dint of secreting the detonators essential to the plan, they force Turner to lead them on a raid on the Germans, tossing hand grenades into houses and opening fire from the back of a truck on the unsuspecting enemy.

Aldo, in particular, gets a taste for killing and in a later battle doesn’t hold back when one of his comrades inadvertently gets in his way.

Sold as a junior edition of a mission picture, the trailer would have probably been enough to put off large sections of the audience, uncomfortable with kids being employed in such mercenary fashion. Kids grow up in war but not that fast seemed to be the general reaction. Okay if they’re portrayed as victims, less acceptable as gun-happy butchers.

So, the best elements of the movie is in not avoiding such misgivings. It was soon clear from the American experience – though this is not specifically alluded to – that hordes of kids in Vietnam were going down this route. The point at which kids cross over into bloody adulthood and lose the essence of childhood is dealt with too. That scene on the face of it and in isolation appears maudlin but in the context of the picture works very well. But the violence or its aftermath are not the most striking images. Again and again, the camera returns to the dirty, clothes-tattered, Bianca clutching the two infants, the detritus of conflict.

Setting aside his moustachioed muscle, Rock Hudson (Seconds, 1966) gives a well-judged performance and Sylva Koscina (A Lovely Way To Die, 1968), shorn of glamor, holds the emotional center. Mark Colleano (The Boys of Paul St, 1968) gives a vicious impression of a young hood on the rise. Directed by sometime cult director Phil Karlson (A Time for Killing, 1967) from a script by S.S. Schweitzer (Change of Habit, 1969) and producer Stanley Colbert. Great score from Ennio Morricone.

It’s worth pointing out that the idea of kids taking up arms received positive critical approval when it was applied to such an arthouse darling as If… (1969) but of course they were public schoolboys forced into action by bad teachers and in reaction to “the establishment” and not after seeing their families slaughtered. Double standards, methinks.

Worth reassessment.”

Film tie-in novel.

The Director:

Director Phil Karlson.

From Wikipedia:

Phil Karlson
BornPhilip N. Karlstein
July 2, 1908
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 12, 1982 (aged 74)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma materSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago
Loyola Marymount University
OccupationFilm director

Phil Karlson (born Philip N. Karlstein; July 2, 1908 – December 12, 1982) was an American film director. Later noted as a film noir specialist, Karlson directed 99 River StreetKansas City Confidential and Hell’s Island, all with actor John Payne, in the early 1950s.[1]

Other films include The Texas Rangers (1951), The Phenix City Story (1955), 5 Against the House (1955), Gunman’s Walk (1958), The Young Doctors (1961) and Walking Tall(1973).

Biography

Early life

Karlson was the son of Irish actress Lillian O’Brien.[2] His father was Jewish.[3]

He attended Marshall High School and studied painting at Chicago’s Art Institute. He tried to make a living as a song and dance man but was unsuccessful. Then he studied law, at his father’s request, at Loyola Marymount University in California. He took a part-time job at Universal Pictures “washing toilets and dishes and whatever the hell they gave me” according to Karlson.[4] He also sold some gags to Buster Keaton. Eventually he decided to pursue a career in film, quitting college a year before graduation.[5]

Assistant Director at Universal

Karlson got a job at Universal Pictures, doing a variety of jobs.

He worked as assistant director on Destry Rides Again (1932) and My Pal, the King with Tom MixThe Countess of Monte Cristo(1934) and Cheating Cheaters (1934) with Fay WrayI Like It That Way (1934); Romance in the Rain (1934); and Strange Wives(1934), directed by Richard Thorpe.

He worked on The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935) with Claude RainsPrincess O’Hara (1935); Alias Mary Dow (1935), for Kurt NeumannWerewolf of London (1935); Sing Me a Love Song (1935); She Gets Her Man (1935); The Affair of Susan (1935); Love Before Breakfast (1936), with director Walter LangThe Girl on the Front Page (1936); and Top of the Town (1937).

Karlson said that Sam Goldwyn put him under contract intending to use him as a director, but Karlson wound up spending nine months idle. He asked for a release of his contract and got it.[4] He joined a company of Maurice Kosloff.[6]

He went back to Universal where he worked as an assistant on The Black Doll (1938); The Case of the Missing Blonde (1938); The Last Express (1938); His Exciting Night (1938), The Last Warning (1938), Newsboys’ Home (1938), and Society Smugglers (1939), directed by Joe May.

His credits became more distinguished: Rio (1939), with Basil Rathbone, directed by John BrahmThe Invisible Man Returns (1940) and The House of the Seven Gables for May; I Can’t Give You Anything But Love, Baby (1940), a musical; You’re Not So Tough(1940), for May; Margie (1940), Seven Sinners (1940), with John Wayne and Marlene Dietrich for director Tay GarnettWhere Did You Get That Girl? (1941), for Arthur Lubin; and The Flame of New Orleans (1941), with Dietrich for René Clair.

Karlson did In the Navy (1941) with Abbott and Costello for Lubin, and he became friendly with Lou Costello, often pitching him gags.[4] He worked on It Started with Eve (1941) for Henry Koster with the studio’s other big star, Deanna Durbin.

Karlson quit Universal in 1940 to enlist in the U.S. Army Air Forces. In 1943, he was injured in a plane crash ending his career as a flight instructor.[5]

Monogram Pictures

Karlson, still using his real name of Philip Karlstein, took a job at Monogram Pictures, as an assistant director. He was contacted by Lou Costello, who wanted to produce a film and offered Karlstein the job of directing it. The resulting movie was A Wave, a WAC and a Marine (1944), starring comedian Henny Youngman.[5] Karlson called it “probably the worst picture ever made… a nothing picture, but I was lucky because it was for Monogram and they didn’t understand how bad it was, because they had never made anything that was any good.”[4] However, Karlson did like his second film as director, G. I. Honeymoon (1945), with Gale Storm, which received an Oscar nomination for Best Music.

Karlson made Monogram’s low-budget productions look much more expensive by being creative with the staging. He used light and shadow to add mood to ordinary dialogue scenes, and employed careful camera angles to maximize the size of the limited sets. Karlson’s resourcefulness made him Monogram’s choice to launch a new series (The Bowery BoysThe Shadow) or invigorate an existing one (Charlie Chan). An excellent example is Karlson’s Charlie Chan mystery The Shanghai Cobra (1945) in which the director, given a small exterior set, established a film noir atmosphere by shooting the scene at night during a rainstorm. Karlson was well aware of Monogram’s budgetary limitations: “They knew what they were doing, because there was a certain class of picture they were going to make and they weren’t going to make anything any different.”[4]

Slightly more distinguished was Wife Wanted (1946) which starred and was produced by Kay Francis. Both she and Karlson disliked the original script so they rewrote it together. It turned out to be Francis’s last movie.[5] He followed it with Kilroy Was Here (1947), co-starring former child actors Jackie Cooper and Jackie Coogan.

Karlson received acclaim for Black Gold (1947), a story of the plight of the American Indian, based around the true story of the racehorse Black Gold. It was an early lead for Anthony Quinn and the first film released by Monogram’s new, higher-budget division, Allied Artists. Karlson took a year to make that film because he wanted seasonal shots; he says he directed four films while also making Black Gold.[4]

Karlson then made Louisiana (1947) with governor Jimmie Davis.[7] He followed this with Rocky (1948) with Roddy McDowall.

Columbia

Karlson went over to Columbia Pictures where he directed two Westerns, Above All Laws (1947) and Fury (1948). He then made Ladies of the Chorus (1948), with Marilyn Monroe in her first substantial role.

British production company Eagle-Lion Films hired Karlson to direct The Big Cat (1949), which he later described as his answer to The Grapes of Wrath (1940).[4] While at Eagle-Lion Karlson also did Down Memory Lane (1949) with Steve Allen, shot in two days.[5]

Edward Small

Karlson teamed with producer Edward Small for The Iroquois Trail (1950) with George Montgomery, based on The Last of the Mohicans. Small liked Karlson’s work and used him on Lorna Doone (1951), an adaptation of the famous novel with Richard Greene, and The Texas Rangers (1951), a Western with Montgomery.[8]

These films were distributed by Columbia, who used Karlson for Mask of the Avenger (1951), a swashbuckler with John Derek. For Small he did Scandal Sheet (1952), a newspaper melodrama from a novel by Sam Fuller, and The Brigand (1952), another swashbuckler.[9]

Karlson started directing Assignment: Paris (1952) for Columbia in Paris but was fired by studio head Harry Cohn during filming and replaced by Robert Parrish.[5]

Karlson bounced back with two films for Edward Small starring John Payne that were released through United ArtistsKansas City Confidential (1952) and 99 River Street (1953).

Karlson did episodes of The Revlon Mirror Theater (1953) and did all episodes of the TV series Waterfront (1954).

Karlson was invited back to Columbia to do a Western They Rode West (1954) and a film noir Tight Spot (1955). He also directed episodes of Ford Television Theatre and Studio 57.

After making Hell’s Island (1955) with John Payne for Paramount Pictures, he did 5 Against the House (1955), a heist movie at Columbia, which gave Kim Novak one of her first roles.

Karlson returned to Monogram (now known as Allied Artists) to make The Phenix City Story (1955), based on the murder of Albert Patterson. It was a hit and came to be regarded as one of his best movies. He went back to Columbia for The Brothers Rico (1957), a thriller, and Gunman’s Walk (1958), a Western.

Desi Arnaz hired Karlson to direct the pilot for the TV series The Untouchables (1959), later released theatrically as The Scarface Mob. Although The Untouchables had a long run on TV, Karlson only received a straight salary for his work on the pilot.[5]

1960s

Karlson was Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman‘s first choice to direct their first James Bond film Dr. No (1962), but they were forced to decline him after he asked for too high of a salary.[10]

For Allied Artists he did a war biopic Hell to Eternity (1960), followed by Key Witness (1960). Both starred Jeffrey Hunter.

Karlson directed The Secret Ways (1961) from a novel by Alistair MacLean, although he clashed with star-producer Richard Widmark. He made a melodrama, The Young Doctors (1961);[11] an Elvis Presley film, Kid Galahad (1962); and Rampage (1963), an adventure story with Robert Mitchum. He directed the pilot for a TV series about Alexander the Great with William Shatner that was not picked up and did uncredited work on Ride the Wild Surf (1964).

Karlson enjoyed a big hit with the first Matt Helm movie with Dean MartinThe Silencers (1966). It was made by Columbia who asked Karlson to take over from Roger Corman on A Time for Killing (1967). He returned to the Matt Helm movies for the fourth and final one, The Wrecking Crew (1968), co-starring Sharon Tate and Elke Sommer.

1970s

Karlson made a war movie in Europe with Rock HudsonHornets’ Nest (1970). He did a horror movie, Ben (1972), best remembered for its Michael Jackson theme song.

He had a huge success in 1973 with Walking Tall, the fact-based story of a crusading sheriff Buford Pusser in the most corrupt county in Tennessee.[12] It was a major domestic and international hit, costing $500,000 and grossing more than $23 million. It also made Karlson a fortune, thanks to the fact that he owned a large percentage of it.[5]

His last film was Framed (1975) with Joe Don Baker.[13]

Career appraisal

Wheeler Winston Dixon later wrote of Karlson:

[He] emerges as a violent American original, born and brought up in Chicago, used to violence as a way of life, someone who was forced to make a great many films that he didn’t believe in, just so that he could finally get a free hand with the minor studios to make the films that he did … In Karlson’s best films, a truly bleak vision of American society is readily apparent; a world where everything is for sale, where no one can be trusted, where all authority is corrupt, and honest men and women have no one to turn to but themselves if they want any measure of justice. For Karlson, everything comes with a price – in blood, death, and betrayal. … In his finest work, Karlson seems to be saying “don’t you believe what they tell you. Authority figures only look out for themselves. There are no easy answers. You won’t get what you deserve, and you won’t even get what you fight for. You’ll get what you can take, and that’s got to be enough.”[5]

The Academy Film Archive has preserved his films Tight Spot and Scandal Sheet.[14]

In 2019, Karlson’s film The Phenix City Story was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registryfor being “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant”.[15]

Partial filmography

References

  1.  Hal Erickson (2016). “Phil Karlson”. Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  2.  “Phil Karlson”. Tcm.com. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  3.  Conesr, John W. (October 8, 2012). Patterns of Bias in Hollywood Movies. Algora Publishing. pp. 85, 93, and 98. ISBN 9780875869582.
  4.  Todd McCarthy and Richard Thompson. “Phil Karlson: Interview, November 19, 1973” Kings of the Bs; Working Within the Hollywood System, eds. Todd McCarthy and Charles Flynn (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1975), pp. 327-345. Rpt. Cine Resort, Oct. 7 2014
  5.  Dixon, Wheeler Winston (June 2017). “Phil Karlson: The Forgotten Master of Film Noir”Senses of Cinema.
  6.  “Kosloff Forms Film Company: New Organization Will Produce Musicals Featuring Youngsters” Los Angeles Times 16 Dec 1937: 8.
  7.  “LOUISIANA GOVERNOR SUCCEEDS AS ACTOR” Scott, John L. Los Angeles Times 2 Mar 1947: B1
  8.  “Oriental setting for new Grable musical”The Australian Women’s Weekly. Vol. 18, no. 3. June 24, 1950. p. 44. Retrieved October 5, 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
Karlson (r) with Dean Martin (l).

Posters:

Italian theatrical poster.
Alternate Italian poster.
Alternate Italian poster.
Alternate US theatrical poster.
Alternate poster.
French theatrical poster.
DVD cover art.

Stills:

Lobby Cards:

Links:

Listen to the complete score here:

Complete score on YouTube.

Purchase the vinyl on Discogs here:

“Hornet’s Nest” on vinyl.

Watch the film’s trailer here:

Trailer on YouTube.
baystreetvideo.com

If you are in Toronto, stop in at “the last great video store,” Bay Street Video, say hi to my Filmography podcast co-host, Bjorn, and find a copy of “Hornet’s Nest” on blu-ray in store or online:

Or purchase the DVD on Amazon here:

https://www.amazon.ca/Hornets-Nest-Rock-Hudson/dp/B007232B5K

Watch sequences from the film here:

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “La Califfa” (1970)

*This post is dedicated to Ewa, who suggested it.

The Album:

Reverse album cover.
Lato A.
Lato A (detail).
Lato B (detail).
Album insert.
Reverse insert.

Other Editions:

The Film:

The Lady Caliph herself, Romy Schneider.

The Director:

The eye has it.

From Wikipedia:

Alberto Bevilacqua (27 June 1934 – 9 September 2013)[1] was an Italian writer and filmmaker. Leonardo Sciascia, an Italian writer and politician, who read Bevilacqua’s first collection of stories, The Dust on the Grass (1955), was impressed and published it. Mario Colombi Guidotti, responsible for the literary supplement of the Journal of Parma, began to publish his stories in the early 1950s.

Publicity photo.

Friendship Lost, his first book of poems, was published in 1961. Caliph, published in 1964, was his breakthrough novel. The protagonist, Irene Corsini, imbued with his own sweet and energetic temperament, is one of the strongest female characters in Italian literature. His novel This Kind of Love won the Campiello Prize in 1966. In both This Kind of Love and Caliph, Bevilacqua oversaw the adaptations and productions of the film versions. This Kind of Love won Best Film at Cannes.

The author with his books. It’s actually hard to find images of Bevilacqua WITHOUT his books in the shot, for which I love him.

Bevilacqua was also a poet. His writings have been translated throughout Europe, the United States, Brazil, China and Japan. In 2010, his seven “stories” as he liked to call them, were included in the Novels volume of the prestigious series “I Meridiani.”[2]

More books!

Bevilacqua directed seven films between 1970 and 1999. His 1970 film La califfa was entered into the 1971 Cannes Film Festival.[3]

You get the picture.

Bevilacqua, aged 79, died in Rome on 9 September 2013 from cardiac arrest.[4] He had been hospitalized since 11 October 2012 for heart failure.[1]

Posters:

German Theatrical Poster.
Alternate Italian Theatrical Poster.
German DVD cover art.
Montparnasse Edition.
DVD cover art.
DVD cover art.
DVD cover art.
Set of “La Califfa” lobby cards.

The Novel:

Italian printing.
Italian printing (back cover).

Translation of back cover (according to Google):

The story of the passions and rebellion of a beautiful, authentic and proud woman, against the backdrop of a city - Parma - and its stream, which symbolically separated the poor from the rich.

Califfa is a beautiful girl of popular origin who becomes the lover of Annibale Doberdò: the most powerful industrialist in the city, a sort of Mastro-don Gesualdo, authoritative and unscrupulous. Memorable portrait of a free woman, fundamentally healthy and, in her own way, innocent. Califfa is a lover without servility in whose loving frankness the industrialist finds, in a crucial point of his existence, a new desire for life and his own freedom. All the powerful people in his court arm themselves against this relationship, but only Doberdo's sudden death will end it. And Califfa will return to her neighborhood of origin, alone, but with the awareness of having contributed to transforming not only the soul and intimacy of a man, but also the social aspect of a city.
«Central novel» in the 1960s, for its clear literary success and because it testifies, through some great protagonists, to the splendors and miseries of that Italian economic miracle that would inspire the best fiction and the best cinema of the time.
The novel's notoriety was amplified by the film shot by Alberto Bevilacqua himself and starring an unforgettable Romy Schneider together with Ugo Tognazzi.

By Alberto Bevilacqua. Einaudi published La polvere sull'erba (2000), his first novel, unpublished since 1955, the year in which it was written, Viaggio al principio del giorno (2001), La Pasqua Rossa (2003), Storie della mia storia (2007) and the collections of poems: Piccole questioni di eternità (2002), Tu che mi ascolti (2005), Duetto per voce sola (2008).

Links:

Purchase the vinyl on Discogs here:

“La Califfa” vinyl on Discogs.

Listen to the complete score here:

Ennio Morricone – La Califfa (The Lady Caliph) – Full Album (High Quality Audio)

Watch an 8 min compilation of scenes from “La Califfa” here:

LA CALIFFA (Lady Caliph)(1970) Romy Schneider

Purchase the DVD on Amazon here:

“La Califfa” on DVD (German import).

Read The Guardian’s Alberto Bevilacqua obituary here:

Obituary.

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Battle of Algiers” (1967)

The Maestro scrutinizes his work.
Morricone (l, w/ trumpet) served as Best Man at “Battle of Algiers” director Gillo Pontecorvo’s (next to the Maestro) wedding.
Pontecorvo (l) pals around with Best Man Morricone (r).
Reverse album cover.

This original 1967 United Artists release of the soundtrack to “Battle of Algiers” was co-written by the film’s director, Gillo Pontecorvo (“Burn” – also scored by Morricone), with orchestra direction by frequent Morricone collaborator (and distinguished composer in his own right) Bruno Nicolai (“The Red Queen Kills 7 Times“).

Album cover for Bruno Nicolai’s “The Red Queen Kills 7 Times.”

Album review from main titles.net:

La Battaglia di Algeri (The Battle of Algiers) is a film made in 1966 by Gillo Pontecorvo, with whom Morricone also teamed up for Queimada and Ogro. The political film depicts the beginning of the actions from the National Liberation Front in Algiers against the French colonists, which would eventually lead to their aimed independence in 1962. Above all, it’s a honest piece of cinema, that does not choose sides and which is made in the Italian neo-realism tradition with gorgeous black and white cinematography. It’s an important Morricone film, made in a period which is generally accepted as the most creative period of the composer. Yet, both the film and score never gained so much praises as the more popular projects and that truly hurts. 

Side 1.

The most evocative musical idea for the score is the theme for Ali. Pontecorvo was finding it difficult to establish the musical themes for the score and recorded some on his own and presented them to Morricone. The maestro did not want to use them. During the creative process the director unconsciously whistled the themes in the presence of the composer, which had triggered Morricone. Some time later Morricone presented those same themes to the director, pretending not to remember their origins. This is the reason the music is credited as ‘music by Ennio Morricone and Gillo Pontecorvo’. The classic theme of Ali is based on a simple 4 note motif that is performed by a solo flute and accompanied by the orchestra, as can be heard on the 3 minute treatment Tema di Ali. There are also renditions for the orchestra alone, which lack the subtlety and fragility of the solo flute, but are equally strong. Its simplicity proves incredibly powerful, especially in the beginning of the film as Ali is arrested by the French. The intense black and white close-up of Ali is supported by the fragile notes of the motif, which creates one of the most iconic and most beautiful scenes in the history of cinema.

Side 2.

Another element of the score mainly reflects the French from a musical point of view, which is atypical Morricone martial music, mostly in the form of a march. The aggressive rhythm and harsh percussion, piano and brass elements brilliantly depict the military undertakings of the French to overthrow the Algerian resistance. Algeri: 1 Novembre 1954 is a march that Morricone has often included in his concert programs. Some of the actions of the French, who torture, are countered by the the Algerians who detonating bombs; both featurestark rhythmic musical pieces that appear to have been written from a musical neutral zone, while there are certainly hints of both musical worlds. These moments are dictated by the typical frenetic tension building that only Morricone could write.

Occasionally Morricone comments on the aftermath of a retaliation by using an organ. It are these kind of small moments that are equally beautiful to the theme of Ali. Other noteworthy moments are the moving intimacy of the woodwinds in the track Matrimonio clandestinoe and subtle melancholy on Gennaio 1957: Accerchiamento della Casbah.

Clearly, Morricone score is perfect for the film, but I did have problems with the use of music some years ago. The fact that the neo-realism approach generally avoids any kind of dramatic manipulation made it rather difficult to accept that the score often became a bit obtrusive. By now I have somehow accepted this wholly and like the directness of the music.

This release by Quartet records is essentially the same as the cd GDM released in 2005, but all of the music is remastered and now includes liner notes. You can clearly hear it sounds better than ever before, which can be a good reason to purchase this release of a classic work. The 2005 release is becoming a rare item and often does not come very cheap on the second-hand market. I can honestly say I would rather want a reissue of a good score with better sound quality, than a Morricone release that only offers a few uninteresting alternative cues.”

Additional Releases:

2005 Spanish CD release.
Spanish CD reverse album cover.

As he has done in “Kill Bill” (vols 1 and 2), and other pictures, Quentin Tarantino repurposed Morricone’sBattle of Algiers” score in 2009’s “Inglourious Basterds,” in the scene where the Basterds rescue Hugo Stiglitz from a German prison:

Hugo Stiglitz clip from “Inglourious Basterds.”

The Film:

Disclaimer that opens the film letting the audience know that although it feels like a documentary, it is not.

Roger Ebert’s review of “Battle of Algiers” from rogerebert.com:

“At the height of the street fighting in Algiers, the French stage a press conference for a captured FLN leader. “Tell me, general,” a Parisian journalist asks the revolutionary, “do you not consider it cowardly to send your women carrying bombs in their handbags, to blow up civilians?” The rebel replies in a flat tone of voice: “And do you not think it cowardly to bomb our people with napalm?” A pause. “Give us your airplanes and we will give you our women and their handbags.”

“The Battle of Algiers,” a great film by the young Italian director Gillo Pontecorvo, exists at this level of bitter reality. It may be a deeper film experience than many audiences can withstand: too cynical, too true, too cruel and too heartbreaking. It is about the Algerian war, but those not interested in Algeria may substitute another war; “The Battle of Algiers” has a universal frame of reference.

Pontecorvo announces at the outset that there is “not one foot” of documentary or newsreel footage in his two hours of film. The announcement is necessary, because the film looks, feels and tastes as real as Peter Watkins’ “The War Game.” Pontecorvo used available light, newsreel film stock and actual locations to reconstruct the events in Algiers. He is after actuality, the feeling that you are there, and he succeeds magnificently; the film won the Venice Film Festival and nine other festivals, and was chosen to open the New York Film Festival last November.

Some mental quirk reminded me of “The Lost Command,” Mark Robson’s dreadful 1965 film in which George Segal was the Algerian rebel and Anthony Quinn somehow won for the French. Compared to “The Battle of Algiers,” that film and all Hollywood “war movies” are empty, gaudy balloons.

Pontecorvo has taken his stance somewhere between the FLN and the French, although his sympathies are on the side of the Nationalists. He is aware that innocent civilians die and are tortured on both sides, that bombs cannot choose their victims, that both armies have heroes and that everyone fighting a war can supply rational arguments to prove he is on the side of morality.

His protagonists are a French colonel (Jean Martin), who respects his opponents but believes (correctly, no doubt) that ruthless methods are necessary, and Ali (Brahim Haggiag), a petty criminal who becomes an FLN leader. But there are other characters: an old man beaten by soldiers; a small Arab boy attacked by French civilians who have narrowly escaped bombing; a cool young Arab girl who plants a bomb in a cafe and then looks compassionately at her victims, and many more.

The strength of the film, I think, comes because it is both passionate and neutral, concerned with both sides. The French colonel (himself a veteran of the anti-Nazi resistance), learns that Sartre supports the FLN. “Why are the liberals always on the other side?” he asks. “Why don’t they believe France belongs in Algeria?” But there was a time when he did not need to ask himself why the Nazis did not belong in France.

The Director:

A young Gillo Pontecorvo.

Gilberto Pontecorvo Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (Italian: [ˈdʒillo ponteˈkɔrvo]; 19 November 1919 – 12 October 2006) was an Italian filmmaker associated with the political cinema movement of the 1960s and 1970s. He is best known for directing the landmark war docudrama The Battle of Algiers (1966). It won the Golden Lion at the 27th Venice Film Festival, and earned him Oscar nominations for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay.

His other films include Kapò (1960), a Holocaust drama; Burn! (1969), a period film about a fictional slave revolt in the Lesser Antilles; and Ogro (1979), a dramatization of the assassination of Spanish Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco by Basque separatists. He also directed several documentaries and short films. 

In 2000, he received the Pietro Bianchi Award at the Venice Film Festival. The same year, he was ascended as a Knight’s Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.

Pontecorvo (l) with his “Burn” star, Marlon Brando (r).

Early life

Pontecorvo, born in Pisa, was the son of a wealthy secular Italian Jewish family. His father was a businessman. Gillo’s siblings included brothers Bruno Pontecorvo, later an internationally acclaimed nuclear physicist and one of the so-called Via Panisperna boys, who defected to the Soviet Union in 1950; Guido Pontecorvo, a geneticist; Polì [Paul] Pontecorvo, an engineer who worked on radar after World War II; and David Maraoni. Their sisters were Giuliana (m. Talbet); Laura (m. Coppa); and Anna (m. Newton).

Pontecorvo studied chemistry at the University of Pisa, but dropped out after passing just two exams. There he first became aware of opposition political forces, and first encountered leftist students and professors. In 1938, faced with growing antisemitism in Italy with the rise of Fascists, he followed his elder brother Bruno to Paris, where he found work in journalism and as a tennis instructor.

In Paris, Pontecorvo became involved in the film world, and began by making a few short documentaries. He became an assistant to Joris Ivens, a Dutch documentary filmmaker and well-known Marxist, whose films include Regen and The Bridge. He also assisted Yves Allégret, a French director known for his work in the film noir genre, whose films include Une si jolie petite plage and Les Orgueilleux. In addition to these influences, Pontecorvo began meeting people who broadened his perspectives, among them artist Pablo Picasso, composer Igor Stravinsky and political thinker Jean-Paul Sartre. During this time Pontecorvo developed his political ideals. He was moved when many of his friends in Paris packed up to go and fight on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War.

In 1941, Pontecorvo joined the Italian Communist Party. He traveled to northern Italy to help organize Anti-Fascist partisans. Going by the pseudonym Barnaba, he became a leader of the Resistance in Milan from 1943 until 1945. 

After the war, he coedited the weekly communist magazine, Pattuglia, with Dario Volari between 1948 and 1950.[1] Pontecorvo broke ties with the Communist party in 1956 after the Soviet intervention to suppress the Hungarian uprising.[citation needed] He did not, however, renounce his dedication to Marxism.[citation needed]

In a 1983 interview with The Guardian, Pontecorvo said, “I am not an out-and-out revolutionary. I am merely a man of the Left, like a lot of Italian Jews.”[2]

Robert De Niro (l) embraces Pontecorvo (r).

Film career

Early films

After the Second World War and his return to Italy, Pontecorvo decided to leave journalism for filmmaking, a shift that appears to have been developing for some time. The catalyst was his seeing Roberto Rossellini‘s Paisà (1946). He bought a 16mm camera and shot several documentaries, mostly self-funded, beginning with Missione Timiriazev in 1953. He directed Giovanna, which was one episode of La rosa dei venti (1957), a film made of episodes by several directors.

In 1957, he directed his first full-length film, La grande strada azzurra (The Wide Blue Road), which foreshadowed his mature style of later films. It explores the life of a fisherman and his family on a small island in the Adriatic Sea. Because of the scarcity of fish in nearby waters, the fisherman, Squarciò, has to sail out to the open sea, where he fishes illegally with bombs. The film won a prize at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Pontecorvo spent months, and sometimes years, researching the material for his films in order to accurately represent the social situations he explored. 

In the next two years, Pontecorvo directed Kapò (1960), a drama set in a Nazi death camp. The plot of the film is about an escape attempt from a concentration camp by a young Jewish girl. In 1961 it was the Italian candidate for the United States’ Academy Awards, and it was nominated for an Oscar for Best Foreign-Language Film.[3] In this same year, the film won two awards: the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists awarded Didi Perego a Silver Ribbon for best supporting actress, and the Mar del Plata Film Festival awarded Susan Strasberg for best actress.

The Battle of Algiers

Main article: The Battle of Algiers (film)

Gillo Pontecorvo with his wife Picci and Saadi Yacef posing beside some guests at 27th Venice International Film Festival

Pontecorvo is best known for his 1966 masterpiece The Battle of Algiers (released in Italian as La battaglia di Algeri). It is widely viewed as one of the finest films of its genre: a neorealistic film. Its portrayal of the Algerian resistance during the Algerian War uses the neorealist style pioneered by fellow Italian film directors de Santis and Rossellini. He used newsreel-style footage and non-professional actors. 

He focused primarily on the native Algerians, a disenfranchised population who were seldom featured in the general media. Though very much Italian neorealist in style, Pontecorvo co-produced with an Algerian film company. The script was written with intention that Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) leaders would act in it.[clarification needed] (For example, the character Djafar was played by an FLN leader, Yacef Saadi.) Pontecorvo’s theme was clearly anti-imperialist. He later described the film as a “hymn … in homage to the people who must struggle for their independence, not only in Algeria, but everywhere in the third world” and said, “the birth of a nation happens with pain on both sides, although one side has cause and the other not.”

The Battle of Algiers achieved great success and influence. It was widely screened in the United States, where Pontecorvo received a number of awards. He was nominated for two Academy Awards for direction and screenplay (a collaboration). The film has been used as a training video by revolutionary groups, as well as by military dictatorships dealing with guerrilla resistance (especially in the 1970s during Operation Condor). It has been and remains extremely popular in Algeria, providing a popular memory of the struggle for independence from France.

The semi-documentary style and use of an almost entirely non-professional cast (only one trained actor appears in the film) was a great influence on a number of future filmmakers and films. Its influence can be seen in the few surviving works of West German filmmaker Teod Richter, made from the late 1960s up to his disappearance, and presumed death, in 1986. In addition, more recent commercial American films, such as the Blair Witch ProjectParanormal Activity and others draw from these techniques for less lofty purposes.

Late career

Pontecorvo’s next major work, Queimada! (Burn!, 1969), deals with a fictional slave revolt, set in the Lesser Antilles. This film (starring Marlon Brando) depicts an attempted revolution in a fictional Portuguese colony. 

Pontecorvo with Gabriel García Márquez

Pontecorvo continued his series of highly political films with Ogro (1979), which addresses the occurrence of Basque terrorism at the end of Francisco Franco‘s dwindling dictatorship in Spain. He continued making short films into the early 1990s. He also directed a follow-up documentary to The Battle of Algiers, entitled Ritorno ad Algeri (Return to Algiers, 1992). 

In 1992, Pontecorvo was selected to replace Guglielmo Biraghi as the director of the Venice Film Festival; he was responsible for the festivals of 1992, 1993 and 1994. In 1991, he was a member of the jury at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival.[4]

In an interview that Pontecorvo gave in 1991, when asked why he had directed so few feature films, his response was that he could only make one with which he is totally in love. He also said that he had rejected many other film concepts for lack of interest.[citation needed]

Death

In 2006, Pontecorvo died from congestive heart failure in Rome at age 86.[5]

Pontecorvo’s Filmography:

Feature films

TitleYearFunctioned asNotes
DirectorWriterComposer
The Wide Blue Road (La grande strada azzurra)1957YesYesNoNominated – Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)
Kapo (Kapò)1960YesYesYesNominated – Great Jury Prize (Mar del Plata International Film Festival)
The Battle of Algiers (La Battaglia di Algeri)1966YesYesYesGolden Lion (Venice Film Festival)
Nastro d’Argento for Best Director
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Director
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
Nominated – Nastro d’Argento for Best Score
Burn! (Queimada)1969YesStoryNoDavid di Donatello for Best Director
Ogro (Operación Ogro)1979YesYesNo

Documentary films

TitleYearFunctioned asNotes
DirectorWriterComposer
Missione Timiriazev[6]1953YesNoNo
Porta Portese1954YesNoNo
Festa a Castelluccio1954YesNoNo
Uomini del marmo1955YesNoNo
Cani dietro le sbarre1955YesNoNo
Pane e zolfo1959YesNoNo
Gli uomini del lago1959YesNoNo
Paras1963YesNoNo
Addio a Enrico Berliguer1984YesNoNo
Un altro mondo è possibile2001YesNoNo
Firenze, il nostro domani2003YesNoNo

Short films

  • Giovanna (1957, segment of Die Windrose)
  • Udine (1984, segment of 12 registi per 12 città)
  • Gillo Pontecorvo’s Return to Algiers (1992)
  • Danza della fata confetto (1996)
  • Nostalgia di protezione (1997)

Further reading:

  • Bignardi, Irene (1999). Memorie estorte a uno smemorato. Vita di Gillo PontecorvoFeltrinelli.
  • Celli, Carlo (2005). Gillo Pontecorvo: From Resistance to Terrorism. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
  • Ebert, Roger. Pontecorvo: ‘We Trust the Face of Brando’ Chicago Sun-Times. (April 13, 1969)
  • Fanon, Frantz (2001). Pour la revolution africaine: Essais politiques. Paris: La Decouverte.
  • Mellen, Joan; Pontecorvo, Gillo (Autumn 1972). “An Interview with Gillo Pontecorvo”. Film Quarterly26 (1): 2–10. doi:10.1525/fq.1972.26.1.04a00030 (inactive 1 November 2024).
  • Mellen, Joan (1973). Filmguide to ‘The Battle of Algiers’. Indiana University Publications.
  • Said, Edward W. (2000). “The Quest for Gillo Pontecorvo”. Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 282–292ISBN 9780674003026.
  • Solinas, Franco (1973). Gillo Pontecorvo’s ‘The Battle of Algiers’. New York: Scribner’s.

Posters:

Accolades poster.
Japanese poster.

Links:

Listen to Morricone’s complete “Battle of Algiers” score here:

Ennio Morricone – La battaglia di Algeri OST

Watch “The Battle of Algiers” (and a slew of bonus materials including featurette “Morricone on Morricone“) on The Criterion Channel here:

Find a vinyl copy at Discogs here:

“Battle of Algiers” on Discogs.

Watch the trailer for “The Battle of Algiers” here:

https://www.criterionchannel.com/the-battle-of-algiers

Purchase a physical copy of “The Battle of Algiers” blu-ray/dvd from The Criterion Collection here:

The Battle of Algiers” from The Criterion Collection.
www.baystreetvideo.com

If you’re in the Toronto area, say hi to my Filmography podcast co-host, Bjorn, and order a copy to buy or to rent from “Toronto’s last great video store,” Bay Street Video in store (or online, if outside of Toronto):

Watch the film for free on YouTube here:

Complete film on YouTube.

Watch Criterion’s bonus featurette “Spike Lee, Mira Nair, and Steven Soderbergh on The Battle of Algiers” here:

Read The Guardian’s obituary for Gillo Pontecorvo here:

Gillo Pontecorvo’s obituary.

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Il Grande Silenzio” (1968)

Theatrical poster.
Morricone around the time of composing the score to Sergio Corbucci’sIl Grande Silenzio.”
Director Sergio Corbucci on location

The Album:

Dagored’s 2016 double-coloured vinyl pressing of Morricone’s 1968 score (one of my all-time favourite Morricones) to Sergio Corbucci’s great Spaghetti Western, “Il Grande Silenzio,” represents the “the first re-issue ever” and is limited to 500 copies.

Album sticker

From the album sticker:

“The legendary soundtrack composed by the Maestro ENNIO MORRICONE for IL GRANDE SILENZIO, directed in 1968 by SERGIO CORBUCCI and staring Jean Louis Trintigant and Klaus Kinski.

Reverse album cover.

A melancholic, emotive score, deeply moving and cold as the snow covered landscape of the film, is considered one of the best “western” work by Morricone since the collaboration with Sergio Leone.

Side A.

FIRST VINYL REISSUE EVER
LIMITED EDITION OF 500 COPIES
DOUBLE COLORED VINYL

This edition © 2016 Dagored
℗ & © 1967 NEAPOLIS (SIAE)
Licenziata da Beat Records.”

Earlier Album Pressings:

Original Italian 1968 pressing.
Reverse album cover.
1978 Italian re-issue (blue).
Reverse album cover.
Alternate 1978 Italian re-issue (black).
Reverse album cover.
Alternate 1978 Italian re-issue.
Reverse album cover.
Soundcloud thumbnail.

The Film:

IMDb movie data.
Jean-Louis Trintignant, beloved giant of European New Wave cinema, as “Silenzio” (Silence).

From A.O. Scott’s 2018 NY Times review:

“I’m not generally one for nostalgia, but I do regret the loss of a certain kind of craziness that used to flourish in movies — the kind that is on rich and ripe display in “The Great Silence,” a 1968 Italian western by Sergio Corbucci that is only now receiving a proper theatrical release in this country.

The cast of “Il Grande Silenzio” in a lighter moment on set.

There is something about the film’s brazen mixing of incompatible elements that defies categorization, imitation or even sober critical assessment. It’s anarchic and rigorous, sophisticated and goofy, heartfelt and cynical. The score, by Ennio Morricone, is as mellow as wine. The action is raw, nasty and blood-soaked. The story is preposterous, the politics sincere.

Title shot.

In 2018, it’s possible — and perhaps inevitable — to view “The Great Silence” as a footnote to the oeuvre of Quentin Tarantino, whose admiration for Corbucci is well documented. Corbucci’s 1966 western “Django” was an inspiration for Mr. Tarantino’s “Django Unchained,” and “The Hateful Eight” shares a snowbound aesthetic and a gleeful commitment to cruelty with “The Great Silence.” The scholarly minded viewer can trace other connections and divergences as well — to classic American westerns and to the contemporaneous and better-known work of the spaghetti maestro Sergio Leone.

The great Jean-Louis Trintignant rides into town.

But this plate of pasta — bitter and pungent, nourishing and perhaps a bit nauseating — should be savored on its own. It takes place at the end of the 19th century in “Snow Hill, Utah,” a place name that sounds infinitely more exotic in Italian. There, farmers have been driven off their land and forced into banditry, leaving them at the mercy of bounty killers, the most fearsome and sadistic of whom is played by Klaus Kinski.

Klaus Kinski, legendary madman of Werner Herzog classics like “Fitzcaraldo.”

His character — referred to as Tigrero aloud and Loco in the subtitles — is a whispering sociopath and a symbol of the Darwinian brutality that governs Snow Hill. The actual governor wants to bring the area under the rule of law, and dispatches a bumbling, decent sheriff (Frank Wolff) to bring Tigrero and the rest of the bounty killers into line. The lawman’s earnest efforts are a sideshow to the main drama, though, which pits Tigrero and his minions against a solitary avenger known as Silenzio.

Played by the great Jean-Louis Trintignant, Silenzio is a tragic, poetic variation on Clint Eastwood’s taciturn Man With No Name. Silenzio is not a man of few words, but a survivor of horrific violence. When he was a child, the bounty hunters who murdered his parents severed his vocal cords to keep him from talking. He has grown up into Tigrero’s double and opposite, meting out justice for money and following a strict code of ethics. He will never draw his gun first, but he will always shoot faster than his adversary.

Silenzio packs heat.
Kinski fires his pistol (and remembers to keep his ears warm at all times).

Silenzio’s services are solicited by Pauline (Vonetta McGee), the widow of one of Tigrero’s victims. The fact that she and her husband are black is at once a casual detail and a sign of the film’s anti-authoritarian, democratic ideology. The couple seems to have been welcomed by the other good people of Snow Hill, but their race is a big issue for the bad guys.

Vonetta McGee as Pauline.

The plot takes a twist or two, but serves mainly as a thread linking shootouts and glowering confrontations, with a brief respite for love. The mood is sometimes jaunty, but “The Great Silence” is no joke, and the fatalism of its ending serves as an implicit critique of the sentimental optimism of many Hollywood westerns. Power speaks louder than silence.”

Album cover art.

Perhaps the greatest influence “Il Grande Silenzio“” has had on contemporary cinema is on display in the snowy landscapes of die-hard Corbucci & Morricone fan Quentin Tarantino’s 2nd western, “The Hateful 8,” which also features (an Oscar-winning) score by Maestro Morricone.

Alternate poster.
Still from “the 8th film by Quentin Tarantino.”
UK theatrical poster.

Tarantino’s 1st western, 2012’s “Django Unchained,” was likewise inspired by another Corbucci Spaghetti Western, the one for which he is probably most famous, “Django,” released two years previously (1966).

Tarantino’s Django, Jamie Foxx, with Corbucci’s original Django, Spaghetti Western icon, Franco Nero, in Tarantino’s 2012 ode to Corbucci’s picture.
Title shot.
Alternate poster.

Worthy of note in any discussion on “Il Grande Silenzio” is the performance by American actor Frank Wolff as the doomed sheriff first hired by the put-upon townspeople to go after Kinski and his fellow bounty hunters. Having worked extensively in the U.S. with the prince of independent cinema, Roger Corman, Wolff later distinguished himself in many Italian and European films that sprung forth as part of the boom of filmmaking in Rome (and other European cities) in the 1960’s and 70’s. Wolff was an extremely likeable character actor who met a very tragic end, “slashing” his own throat, allegedly over the unrequited love of a young woman, after being left by his wife for another man.

American actor and Italian cinema stalwart, Frank Wolff, who tragically committed suicide just 3 years after appearing as the doomed sheriff in “Il Grande Silenzio.”

From Wikipedia:

(Frank Wolff’s) Death:

Wolff committed suicide by cutting his throat in the bathroom of a residence in his Rome hotel room, a few steps from the Hilton hotel, at the age of 43 on December 12, 1971.[2] Long the victim of a deep depressive crisis, the actor was separated from his wife Alice Campbell, who lived like him in Rome. According to one hypothesis, Wolff would have injured himself for the first time with a razor blade. Having dropped the blade from his hand, the actor would have taken a second one, with which he would have cut the carotid artery. This second injury caused a cerebral anemia that led to his death in a short time.[3]

His body was found by a 24-year-old Austrian friend on the same day, and police said he had slashed his throat.[4] It was speculated that the unrequited love for the young woman might have contributed to Wolff’s fatal act, already suffering from a nervous breakdown for some time, after his wife had left him for another man.[3]

His final two Italian-made films, Milano Caliber 9 and When Women Lost Their Tails were released posthumously in 1972. His voice in the English-language version of Milano Caliber 9 was dubbed in by his frequent co-star and roommate at the time of his death Michael Forest.

Additional Film Stills:

Scars and core wounds.
A love story fraught with danger and trauma.
Even in winter, the dead must be buried.
Frosted windows and a grumpy Silenzio.
Silenzio reflects in the glow of a solitary candle.
Kinski with the bounty hunter’s greatest prop, the wanted poster.
Trintignant rides the high country.
Crosses in the snow: a recurring motif.
Trintignant makes a grand entrance as “The Great Silence.”

The Director:

Il Grande Silenzio” director Corbucci likes what he sees through the viewfinder.
The Great Silence,” Corbucci’s great achievement.
Compilation album of 3 collaborations between Morricone and Corbucci.

Morricone is forever associated with the most famous of the “three Sergios” of Italian cinema, Leone, but equally great are the 7 soundtracks the Maestro scored for another Sergio, that being Mr. Corbucci, for whom Morricone composed the scores for “Compañeros,” “I Crudeli,” aka “The Hellbenders,” “Che C’entriamo Noi Con La Rivoluzione?“, “The Mercenary, ” “Navajo Joe,” “Sonny & Jed,” and of course, “Il Grande Silenzio.”

Album cover art.
Album cover art.
Album cover art.
Album cover art.
Album cover art.

From Wikipedia:

Sergio Corbucci (Italian: [ˈsɛrdʒo korˈbuttʃi]; 6 December 1926 – 1 December 1990) was an Italian film directorscreenwriter and producer. He directed both very violent spaghetti Westerns and bloodless Bud Spencer and Terence Hill action comedies.[1]

He is the older brother of screenwriter and film director Bruno Corbucci.[2]

Biography

Sergio Corbucci.

Early career

He started his career by directing mostly low-budget sword and sandal movies. Among his first spaghetti Westerns were the films Grand Canyon Massacre (1964), which he co-directed (under the pseudonym, Stanley Corbett) with Albert Band, as well as Minnesota Clay (1964), his first solo directed spaghetti Western. Corbucci’s first commercial success was with the cult spaghetti Western Django, starring Franco Nero, the leading man in many of his movies.[3] He would later collaborate with Franco Neroon two other spaghetti Westerns, Il Mercenario or The Mercenary (a.k.a. A Professional Gun) (1968) — where Nero played Sergei Kowalski, a Polish mercenary and the film also starring Tony MusanteJack Palance and Giovanna Ralli — as well as Compañeros (1970) a.k.a. Vamos a matar, Companeros, which also starred Tomas Milian and Jack Palance. The last film of the “Mexican Revolution” trilogy – The Mercenary and Compañeros being the first two in the installment – was What Am I Doing in the Middle of the Revolution? (1972).

Corbucci.

After Django, Corbucci made many other spaghetti Westerns, which made him the most successful Italian Western director after Sergio Leone and one of Italy’s most productive and prolific directors.[4] His most famous of these pictures was The Great Silence (Il Grande Silenzio), a dark and gruesome Western starring a mute action hero and a psychopathic bad guy.[5][6] The film was banned in some countries for its excessive display of violence.

Corbucci (r) on location with “Navajo Joe” star, Burt Reynolds.

Corbucci also directed Navajo Joe (1966), starring Burt Reynolds as the title character, a Navajo Indian opposing a group of bandits that killed his tribe, as well as The Hellbenders (1967), and Johnny Oro (1966) a.k.a. Ringo and his Golden Pistol starring Mark Damon. Other spaghetti Westerns he directed include Gli specialisti (Drop Them or I’ll Shoot, 1969), La Banda J.S.: Cronaca criminale del Far West (Sonny and Jed, 1972), with Tomas Milian and The White the Yellow and the Black (1975), with Tomas Milianand Eli Wallach.

Corbucci (r) with actor Tomas Milian on set of “Compañeros.”

Corbucci’s Westerns were dark and brutal, with the characters portrayed as sadistic antiheroes. His films featured very high body counts and scenes of mutilation. Django especially is considered to have set a new level for violence in Westerns.[7]

Corbucci was born in Rome.

Corbucci.

Later career and legacy

In the 1970s and 1980s Corbucci mostly directed comedies, often starring Adriano Celentano. Many of these comedies were huge successes at the Italian box office and found wide distribution in European countries like Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland, but were barely released overseas.[8]

His movies were rarely taken seriously by contemporary critics[9][10] and he was considered an exploitation director, but Corbucci has managed to attain a cult reputation.[6][11]

He died in Rome in 1990, at age 63, of a heart attack.[12]

His nephew Leonardo Corbucci[13] continues the legacy of film directors in the family in Los Angeles.

In 2021 was released a documentary about Corbucci, directed by Luca Rea, Django & Django, that relies to a considerable extent on an interview with Quentin Tarantino.[14]

In 2022 German thrash metal band Kreator released the instrumental song “Sergio Corbucci is Dead” as an intro to their album Hate Über Alles. According to vocalist/guitarist  Mille Petrozza, “Sergio Corbucci was someone who was very anti-authoritarian in his film. In all his films he has a protagonist who rebels against the authorities. Often these characters are very obscure. I was wondering if there are still people like that who make really political films without trying to preach anything to you. It’s a bit of a dig at the bands who don’t speak their minds out of fear of losing fans.”[15]

Filmography

Corbucci times three.

Director and writer

Actor

References

  1.  “Sergio Corbucci”. Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  2.  Bondanella, Peter; Pacchioni, Federico (19 October 2017). A History of Italian CinemaBloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 490. ISBN 9781501307645.
  3.  Cox, Alex (1 June 2012). “Once Upon a Time in Italy”The New York Times. p. 16. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  4.  “Mondo Esoterica – Sergio Corbucci Film Reviews”mondo-esoterica.net. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  5.  Scott, A. O. (28 March 2018). “Review: ‘The Great Silence,’ a 1968 Spaghetti Western Unchained”The New York TimesISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  6.  Hoberman, J. (28 December 2018). “’68 Rides Again: The Return of Sergio Corbucci”The New York TimesISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  7.  Tarantino, Quentin (27 September 2012). “Quentin Tarantino Tackles Old Dixie by Way of the Old West (by Way of Italy)”The New York TimesISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 June2020.
  8.  “SERGIO CORBUCCI BOX OFFICE”BOX OFFICE STORY. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  9.  Wong, Aliza S. (15 December 2018). Spaghetti Westerns: A Viewer’s Guide. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-4422-6904-0.
  10.  Bondanella, Peter (25 July 2019). The Italian Cinema Book. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83902-024-7.
  11.  Mask, Mia (28 February 2023). Black Rodeo: A History of the African American Western. University of Illinois Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-252-05402-0.
  12.  Flint, Peter B. (1 May 1989). “Sergio Leone, 67, Italian Director Who Revitalized Westerns, Dies”The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  13.  “Behind the Scenes: The Legendary Series with Leonard Corbucci on Apple Podcasts”Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  14.  DeFore, John (8 September 2021). “‘Django & Django’: Film Review | Venice 2021”The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  15.  “Album review: Kreator – Hate Über Alles” (in German). 8 June 2022.

Film Posters:

50th anniversary restoration poster.
German lobby card.
20th Century Fox international poster.
Japanese poster
Italian DVD cover art.
German theatrical poster.
French theatrical poster.
Alternate poster.
Alternate poster.
Danish theatrical poster.
British DVD cover art.

Links:

Listen to the complete score on YouTube here:

Complete score on YouTube.

Purchase a copy of the vinyl on Discogs here:

“Il Grande Silenzio” on Discogs.

Watch Alex Cox’s introduction to “The Great Silence” here:

Alex Cox’s intro to “The Great Silence.”

Watch the trailer for “The Great Silence” here:

Trailer.

Watch a 10-minute behind-the-scenes feature on the making of “Il Grande Silenzio” here:

The making of “Il Grande Silenzio.”

Read J. Hoberman’s NY Times piece celebrating “The Great Silence” (and other Corbuccis) on the occasion of its digital streaming release here:

NYTimes on “The Great Silence.”

The above article links to A.O. Scott’s 2018 Times‘ review for “The Great Silence,” which you can read here:

A.O. Scott’s review in the Times.
www.baystreetvideo.com

If in the Toronto area, say hi to my Filmography podcast co-host Bjorn, and find a copy of “The Great Silence” on DVD or blu-ray at Toronto’s “last great video store,” Bay Street Video, in store or online at baystreetvideo.com:

Order the blu-ray on Amazon here:

“The Great Silence” blu-ray.

Categories
Morricone

The Morricone Collection: “Storie Di Vita E Malavita” (1975)

Original Italian Theatrical Poster.
The Maestro around the time he composed the score for “Storie Di Vita e Malavita.
Morricone’s screen credit.

The Album

Album cover sticker.

From the Cam Sugar journal:

Cam Sugar’s write up for “Storie Di Vita e Malavita.”

“In 1975 Ennio Morricone composed the music for Storie di Vita e di Malavita, the film with which director Carlo Lizzani followed up his investigation on youth deviance and crime in Milan. The opus documented the city’s lowlives, the malavita, based on a reportage by Marisa Rusconi, a pioneering author and journalist who could seamlessly move from investigative to lifestyle and fashion journalism, as witnessed by her work with the likes of Panorama, L’Espresso and Vogue.

As the soundtrack by Ennio Morricone finally resurfaced in its entirety from the CAM Sugar archive with its first-ever vinyl release on the occasion of Record Store Day, photographer Fabrizio Vatieri reimagines the film’s iconography in the streets of contemporary Milan.”

The Film:

Storie Di Vita e Malavita” on blu-ray.
Title shot.

Aka “The Teenage Prostitution Racket,” 1975’s “Storie Di Vita e Malavita” was directed by Carlo Lizzani, who also directed the excellent Italian crime picture “Wake Up & Kill” aka “Svegliati e Uccidi,” the Spaghetti Western “The Hills Run Red,” and the political drama “Mussolini: Ultimo Atto,” all of which, like this picture, feature stunning scores by the Maestro.

Album cover art.
Album cover art.

Here is the synopsis of the film from the Amazon product description:

“Occupying a creepy cinematic netherworld somewhere between Eurocrime and erotica, Carlo Lizzani’s Teenage Prostitution Racket (Storie di Vita e Malavita) is an unapologetically sordid film that explores the troubled sexuality of a series of young women coming of age in 1970s Milan. Beginning on the outskirts of town, where a peasant woman pimps her thirteen-year-old companion to passing truck drivers, Lizzani s film worms its way into the metropolis, where the oldest profession, in its varied forms, is dramatized in a series of interlocking narratives. A working-class girl is lured into prostitution by a boyfriend; a rich girl uses sex to rebel against her wealthy parents; a photographer s model discovers sex is an unspoken requirement of her job; an ex-convent girl becomes a nymphomaniac after being seduced at school; an independent hooker relies on a vicious dog to defend her against a gang of mobsters. As sensational as the episodes may be, Lizzani doesn’t reduce the characters to mere sex objects. Instead, he endows each woman with enough depth that even the most voyeuristic viewer can t help but become invested in her struggles to survive, and share her resentment toward the shady characters who try to control her. Special Features: Documentary (Italian language with English subtitles) | fotogallery | Cut scenes.”

Still from “Storie Di Vita e Malavita.

The Director:

Italian director Carlo Lizzani.
Carlo Lizzani on IMDb.
Director highlights from IMDb.

Carlo Lizzani’s bio from Wikipedia:

“Born in Rome, before World War II Lizzani worked as a scenarist on such films as Roberto Rossellini‘s Germany Year ZeroAlberto Lattuada‘s The Mill on the Po (both 1948), and Giuseppe De Santis‘ Bitter Rice (1949), for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Story.

After directing documentaries, he debuted as a feature director with the admired World War II drama Achtung! Banditi! (1951). Respected for his awarded drama Chronicle of Poor Lovers (1954), he has proven a solid director of genre films, notably crime films such as The Violent Four (1968) and Crazy Joe (1974) or crime-comedy Roma Bene(1971). His film L’oro di Roma (1961) examined events around the final deportation of the Jews of Rome and the Roman roundup, grande razzia, of October 1943.[2] For his 1968 film  Bandits in Milan, he won a David di Donatello award as best director and a Nastro d’Argento award for best screenplay.[3]

Lizzani worked frequently for Italian television in the 1980s and supervised the Venice International Film Festival for four editions, from 1979 to 1982.[4] In 1994 Lizzani was a member of the jury at the Berlin Film Festival.[5]

For his 1996 film Celluloide, which deals with the making of Rome, Open City, he received another David di Donatello award for his screenplay.[3]

While preparing for the film L’orecchio del potere (“The Ear of Power”, a project he cultivated since the late nineties with the title Operazione Appia Antica), Lizzani committed suicide in Rome at the age of 91, when he jumped from the balcony of his apartment in Via dei Gracchi on 5 October 2013.[1] On 10 October his coffin was transferred to a room in the Capitol that was set up as a funeral home, and the following day the civil funeral was held. Later, his body was transferred to the Flaminian cemetery for cremation.”

Italian director Carlo Lizzani.

Earlier Album Release:

Double CD release for “Storie Di Vita e Malavita” and “Un Delitto Inutile.

Posters:

Carlo Lizzani Retrospective in 3 Films.

Links:

Listen to “Sotto Controllo” from Morricone’s score for “Storie Di Vita e Malavita” here:

Sotto Controllo” on YouTube.

Purchase a copy of the vinyl on Discogs here:

“Storie Di Vita e Malavita” on Discogs.

Watch the complete film for free on YouTube here:

The complete film on YouTube.

Purchase the blu-ray on Amazon here:

Storie di Vita e Malavita” on blu-ray.